Module 5

Question 1

Associative learning

Answer 1

occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment

Question 2

Classical conditioning

Answer 2

process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events

Question 3

Unconditioned stimulus

Answer 3

a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism

Question 4

Unconditioned response

Answer 4

a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus

Question 5

Neutral stimulus

Answer 5

a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response

Question 6

Conditioned stimulus

Answer 6

a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus

Question 7

Conditioned response

Answer 7

behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus

Question 8

Higher-order or second-order conditioning

Answer 8

pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus

Question 9

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 9

the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period

Question 10

Stimulus discrimination

Answer 10

when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 11

Stimulus generalization

Answer 11

when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus

Question 12

John Watson

Answer 12

school of behaviorism; experiment with Little Albert; taught him to fear furry things because of a loud noise

Question 13

Operant conditioning

Answer 13

organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence

Question 14

Law of effect

Answer 14

behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated

Question 15

B.F. Skinner

Answer 15

created the Skinner box to test operant conditioning; used rats/levers and pigeons/disks and a food reward

Question 16

Positive reinforcement

Answer 16

something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 17

Negative reinforcement

Answer 17

something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior

Question 18

Positive punishment

Answer 18

something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 19

Negative punishment

Answer 19

something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior

Question 20

Shaping

Answer 20

reward successive approximations of a target behavior

Question 21

Primary reinforcer

Answer 21

reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities and are not learned

Question 22

Secondary reinforcer

Answer 22

has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer

Question 23

Fixed interval

Answer 23

reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals

Question 24

Variable interval

Answer 24

reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals

Question 25

Fixed ratio

Answer 25

reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses

Question 26

Variable ratio

Answer 26

reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses

Question 27

Latent learning

Answer 27

learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it

Question 28

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 28

if you saw that the model was reinforced for the behavior, you will be more motivated to copy it

Question 29

Vicarious punishment

Answer 29

if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy it

Question 30

Bandura

Answer 30

modeling behavior; inflatable doll to test if children were more aggressive to it if they observed an aggressive adult