Module 5 Flashcards
Associative learning
occurs when an organism makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together in the environment
Classical conditioning
process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events
Unconditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a reflexive response in an organism
Unconditioned response
a natural (unlearned) reaction to a given stimulus
Neutral stimulus
a stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response
Conditioned stimulus
a stimulus that elicits a response after repeatedly being paired with an unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
behavior caused by the conditioned stimulus
Higher-order or second-order conditioning
pairing a new neutral stimulus with the conditioned stimulus
Spontaneous recovery
the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period
Stimulus discrimination
when an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar
Stimulus generalization
when an organism demonstrates the conditioned response to stimuli that are similar to the condition stimulus
John Watson
school of behaviorism; experiment with Little Albert; taught him to fear furry things because of a loud noise
Operant conditioning
organisms learn to associate a behavior and its consequence
Law of effect
behaviors that are followed by consequences that are satisfying to the organism are more likely to be repeated
B.F. Skinner
created the Skinner box to test operant conditioning; used rats/levers and pigeons/disks and a food reward
Positive reinforcement
something is added to increase the likelihood of a behavior
Negative reinforcement
something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior
Positive punishment
something is added to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Negative punishment
something is removed to decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Shaping
reward successive approximations of a target behavior
Primary reinforcer
reinforcers that have innate reinforcing qualities and are not learned
Secondary reinforcer
has no inherent value and only has reinforcing qualities when linked with a primary reinforcer
Fixed interval
reinforcement is delivered at predictable time intervals
Variable interval
reinforcement is delivered at unpredictable time intervals
Fixed ratio
reinforcement is delivered after a predictable number of responses
Variable ratio
reinforcement is delivered after an unpredictable number of responses
Latent learning
learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it
Vicarious reinforcement
if you saw that the model was reinforced for the behavior, you will be more motivated to copy it
Vicarious punishment
if you observed the model being punished, you would be less motivated to copy it
Bandura
modeling behavior; inflatable doll to test if children were more aggressive to it if they observed an aggressive adult
