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Psychology CLEP > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

first psychologist; introspection; structuralism

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2
Q

Structuralism

A

attempt to understand the structure or characteristics of the mind

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3
Q

Introspection

A

someone examines their own conscious experience to break it into its component parts

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4
Q

William James

A

natural selection; evolution; functionalism

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5
Q

Functionalism

A

how mental activities help an organism fit into its environment; more interested in the operation of the whole mind rather than of its individual parts

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6
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

hysteria; neurosis; psychoanalytic theory

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7
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious and early childhood experiences

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8
Q

Gestalt psychology

A

although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception

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9
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

conditioned reflex; classical conditioning

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10
Q

John Watson

A

behaviorism - shifting the focus of psychology from the mind to behavior; learned behavior and its interaction with inborn qualities of the organism

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11
Q

B.F. Skinner

A

behaviorism, reinforcement and punishment as major factors in driving behavior, operant conditioning chamber/Skinner box

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12
Q

Humanism

A

emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans

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13
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

humanism; hierarchy of needs: physiological, security, social, esteem, self-actualization

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14
Q

Carl Rogers

A

humanism; client-centered therapy; 3 features of a therapist - unconditional positive regard, genuineness, and empathy

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15
Q

Biopsychology

A

explores how our biology influences our behavior; how the structure and function of the nervous system is related to behavior

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16
Q

Evolutionary psychology

A

evolution based on natural selection to have the traits we have today

17
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

focuses on studying cognitions, or thoughts, and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

18
Q

Developmental psychology

A

study of development across a lifespan; focus on changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, social behavior, and other psychological attributes

19
Q

Object permanence

A

Jean Piaget; understanding that physical things continue to exist, even if they are hidden from us

20
Q

Personality psychology

A

focuses on patterns of thoughts and behaviors that make each individual unique

21
Q

Big 5 personality traits / 5 factor model

A

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

22
Q

Social psychology

A

focuses on how we interact with and relate to others; differences in how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behaviors of others, prejudice, and attraction, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts

23
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

social psychology; research study on how many participants would be willing to give lethal shocks to someone else; 2/3 of participants would

24
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

ideas are tested against the empirical world; begins with a generalization—one hypothesis—that is then used to reach logical conclusions about the real world

25
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

empirical observations lead to new ideas; formulate theories, which in turn generate hypotheses that are tested with deductive reasoning

26
Q

Strange Situation

A

Mary Ainsworth; caregivers bring their infants into a room filled with toys, a stranger comes into the room, the caregiver leaves the room, and the caregiver returns to the room

27
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

a measure of reliability that assesses the consistency of observations by different observers

28
Q

Longitudinal research

A

a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time

29
Q

Cross-sectional research

A

compares multiple segments of the population at the same time

30
Q

Confounding variable

A

the variable that is the actual cause of 2 variables being correlated and not one causing the other

31
Q

Illusory correlations

A

occur when people believe that relationships exist between two things when no such relationship exists

32
Q

Operational definition

A

description of how we will measure our variables

33
Q

Attrition

A

reduction in number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time

34
Q

Clinical or case study

A

observational research study focusing on one or a few people

Psychology CLEP (13 decks)

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