Module 6

Question 1

Cognitive psychology

Answer 1

dedicated to examining how people think

Question 2

Natural concepts

Answer 2

created “naturally” through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences; ex: snow

Question 3

Artificial concepts

Answer 3

concepts that are defined by a specific set of characteristics; ex: math formulas or properties of shapes

Question 4

Role schema

Answer 4

assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave

Question 5

Event/cognitive schema

Answer 5

a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine

Question 6

Phoneme

Answer 6

a basic sound unit of a given language, and different languages have different sets

Question 7

Morpheme

Answer 7

the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning

Question 8

Semantics

Answer 8

the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words

Question 9

Algorithm

Answer 9

a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome

Question 10

Heuristic

Answer 10

a general problem-solving framework; rule of thumb

Question 11

Mental set

Answer 11

persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now

Question 12

Functional fixedness

Answer 12

a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for

Question 13

Anchoring bias

Answer 13

when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem

Question 14

Representative bias

Answer 14

a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something

Question 15

Availability heuristic

Answer 15

make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision

Question 16

Crystallized intelligence

Answer 16

Raymond Cattell; acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it; learn, remember, and recall

Question 17

Fluid intelligence

Answer 17

Raymond Cattell; encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Question 18

Triarchic theory of intelligence

Answer 18

Robert Sternberg; 3 parts of intelligence:
practical (street smarts, common sense)
creative (imaginative and innovative problem solving)
analytical (academic problem solving)

Question 19

Multiple intelligences theory

Answer 19

Howard Gardner; each person possesses at least eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist

Question 20

Divergent thinking

Answer 20

thinking “outside the box;” it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem

Question 21

Convergent thinking

Answer 21

ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

Question 22

Intelligence tests

Answer 22

Sir Francis Galton developed first test

Alfred Binet created intelligence test for children

Question 23

David Wechsler

Answer 23

developer IQ test in the US; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—IV (WPPSI-IV)

Question 24

Flynn effect

Answer 24

the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last