Module 6 Flashcards
Cognitive psychology
dedicated to examining how people think
Natural concepts
created “naturally” through your experiences and can be developed from either direct or indirect experiences; ex: snow
Artificial concepts
concepts that are defined by a specific set of characteristics; ex: math formulas or properties of shapes
Role schema
assumptions about how individuals in certain roles will behave
Event/cognitive schema
a set of behaviors that can feel like a routine
Phoneme
a basic sound unit of a given language, and different languages have different sets
Morpheme
the smallest unit of language that conveys some type of meaning
Semantics
the process by which we derive meaning from morphemes and words
Algorithm
a problem-solving formula that provides you with step-by-step instructions used to achieve a desired outcome
Heuristic
a general problem-solving framework; rule of thumb
Mental set
persist in approaching a problem in a way that has worked in the past but is clearly not working now
Functional fixedness
a type of mental set where you cannot perceive an object being used for something other than what it was designed for
Anchoring bias
when you focus on one piece of information when making a decision or solving a problem
Representative bias
a faulty way of thinking, in which you unintentionally stereotype someone or something
Availability heuristic
make a decision based on an example, information, or recent experience that is readily available to you, even though it may not be the best example to inform your decision
Crystallized intelligence
Raymond Cattell; acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it; learn, remember, and recall
Fluid intelligence
Raymond Cattell; encompasses the ability to see complex relationships and solve problems
Triarchic theory of intelligence
Robert Sternberg; 3 parts of intelligence:
practical (street smarts, common sense)
creative (imaginative and innovative problem solving)
analytical (academic problem solving)
Multiple intelligences theory
Howard Gardner; each person possesses at least eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalist
Divergent thinking
thinking “outside the box;” it allows an individual to arrive at unique, multiple solutions to a given problem
Convergent thinking
ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem
Intelligence tests
Sir Francis Galton developed first test
Alfred Binet created intelligence test for children
David Wechsler
developer IQ test in the US; Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-fourth edition (WAIS-IV), Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-V), and Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence—IV (WPPSI-IV)
Flynn effect
the observation that each generation has a significantly higher IQ than the last
