Module 4

Question 1

Biological rhythms

Answer 1

internal rhythms of biological activity

Question 2

Circadian rhythm

Answer 2

biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours

Question 3

Pineal gland

Answer 3

an endocrine structure that releases melatonin; involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune system during sleep

Question 4

Meta-analysis

Answer 4

a study that combines the results of many related studies

Question 5

Which area of the brain is important for regulating REM sleep?

Answer 5

pons

Question 6

REM sleep

Answer 6

characterized by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids; brain waves appear very similar to brain waves during wakefulness

Question 7

Non-REM sleep

Answer 7

subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by characteristic patterns of brain waves

Question 8

Stage 1 sleep

Answer 8

the period during which we drift off to sleep; alpha (low frequency and high amplitude) and theta (lower frequency and higher amplitude)

Question 9

Stage 2 sleep

Answer 9

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation; theta waves still dominate the activity of the brain, but they are interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles

Question 10

Sleep spindles

Answer 10

a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

Question 11

Stages 3 and 4 sleep

Answer 11

often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep because these stages are characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves

Question 12

Stage 5 sleep (REM)

Answer 12

brain waves similar to those observed when a person is awake; this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs

Question 13

Manifest content

Answer 13

the actual content, or storyline, of a dream

Question 14

Latent content

Answer 14

refers to the hidden meaning of a dream

Question 15

Activation-synthesis theory

Answer 15

constructed story to explain images from random neural activation

Question 16

Information-processing model

Answer 16

dreams are a way to consolidate information

Question 17

Collective unconscious

Answer 17

Carl Jung; a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone; certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location

Question 18

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Answer 18

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

Question 19

Parasomnia

Answer 19

unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

Question 20

REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)

Answer 20

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams

Question 21

Obstructive sleep apnea

Answer 21

an individual’s airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

Question 22

Central sleep apnea

Answer 22

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

Question 23

Depressant

Answer 23

a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity; alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines; agonists of the GABA neurotransmitter system

Question 24

Stimulants

Answer 24

drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity; agonists of the dopamine neurotransmitter system; cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones (bath salts), MDMA (ecstasy), nicotine, caffeine

Question 25

Opioids

Answer 25

a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine; have analgesic properties (decrease pain)

Question 26

Hallucinogen

Answer 26

a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences; mescaline and LSD (serotonin agonists), and PCP (angel dust) and ketamine (an animal anesthetic) act as antagonists of the NMDA glutamate receptor