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nhm 365 > Module 8: Diseases of the Liver > Flashcards

Module 8: Diseases of the Liver Flashcards

1
Q

The liver filters ________ and toxins.

A

waste

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2
Q

CHO metabolism, storage, and synthesis are the major ________________ functions of the liver.

A

metabolic

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3
Q

The liver plays a major role in _____ (CHO) metabolism.

A

carbohydrate

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4
Q

What are the end products of CHO digestion?

A

monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose

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5
Q

If we need _____ , glucose can be metabolized through ___________, Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC) provide energy. These pathways take place in _____________.

A

ATP, glycolysis, hepatocytes

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6
Q

____________ is the universal fuel source for every cell in the body.

A

Glucose

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7
Q

Glycogenesis takes place in the __________.

A

liver

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8
Q

The storage form of glucose is what?

A

Glycogen

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9
Q

Glycogen is stored in ___________ and in ________.

A

muscle, liver

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10
Q

Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of ____________.

A

glycogen

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11
Q

The ________ can break down glycogen to _________ to be released into the blood, to be used by other cells.

A

liver, glucose

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12
Q

T/F: Even though we store glycogen in the liver and the muscle, the muscle lacks an enzyme to release that glucose from stored glycogen into the blood.

A

T

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13
Q

Most gluconeogenesis (90%) takes place in the ___________.

A

liver

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14
Q

T/F: If the liver is severely damaged, the kidneys can kick in and do a bit of gluconeogenesis.

A

T

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15
Q

___________ is the pathways to make new glucose out of other substrates (i.e. lactate, certain amino acids, or intermediated of the Krebs Cycle).

A

Gluconeogenesis

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16
Q

The ____________ is the gatekeeper of CHO metabolism where monosaccharides go to first after they’re absorbed from eating CHO.

A

liver

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17
Q

AAs&raquo_space; hepatic portal vein&raquo_space; liver

This is the pathway of amino acids for _________ (PRO) metabolism.

A

protein

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18
Q

The ___________ is the primary site of amino acid catabolism.

A

liver

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19
Q

The steps of AA breakdown are _____________ and _______________ _________________.

A

transamination, oxidative deamination

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20
Q

Transamination occurs when the ____________ group from the amino acid is transferred to a ____________ acid (usually alpha ketoglutarate).

A

amino, keto

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21
Q

Transamination is catalyzed by ____________ enzymes AKA aminotransferases.

A

transaminase

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22
Q

Most of the transaminase enzymes (aminotransferases) are present in the _____________.

A

liver

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23
Q

Oxidative deamination is the removal of the ___________ ______________.

A

amino group

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24
Q

Oxidative deamination is catalyzed by _____________ enzymes that are also present mainly in the ___________.

A

oxidase, liver

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25
Q

T/F: The carbon skeletons left from AA catabolism could be burned for energy, converted to fat, or converted to non-essential AAs.

A

T

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26
Q

Catabolism of most AAs takes place in the ______________.

A

liver

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27
Q

What BCAAs are predominantly metabolized in muscle rather than liver?

A

leucine, valine, and isoleucine

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28
Q

Synthesis of non-essential AAs occur mainly in the ________.

A

liver

29
Q

What is the most important vital plasma protein that is synthesized?

A

albumin

30
Q

T/F: Albumin is the LEAST abundant blood protein.

A

F (it’s the MOST abundant)

31
Q

Albumin is important because it ____________ to several minerals and allows or their transport in the blood. It is also important for ___________ balance in the body.

A

binds, osmotic

32
Q

If circulating albumin becomes too low, excess _________ may leak from blood into ______________ space.

A

fluid, interstitial

33
Q

_______ is when there is fluid accumulation in the peritoneum caused by portal _________ + low ____________ levels.

A

Ascites, HTN, albumin

34
Q

Ascites is often seen in people with what?

A

liver failure

35
Q

What are the other plasma proteins made in the liver?

A

transferrin, retinol binding proteins (RBPs), clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin), lipoproteins

36
Q

_____________ transports iron on the blood.

A

Transferrin

37
Q

Retinol binding proteins (RBPs) transports which vitamin?

A

vitamin A

38
Q

T/F: Liver disease can lead to defects in blood clotting.

A

T

39
Q

T/F: Synthesis of bile DOES NOT occur in the liver.

A

F

40
Q

What components make up bile?

A

cholesterol + bile salts + the pigment bilirubin

41
Q

Bile is made in the ___________. It then exits through _________ and is then stored in the ________________ until we need it to emulsify fat.

A

liver, ducts, gallbladder

42
Q

___________ is the yellow staining of the skin and sclera (whites of eyes).

A

Jaundice

43
Q

Jaundice is caused by abnormally high blood levels of the _______ _____________ ___________.

A

bile pigment bilirubin

44
Q

Bilirubin is the byproduct of ______ _________ ________ (RBC) breakdown.

A

red blood cell

45
Q

T/F: Jaundice can indicate liver or gallbladder disease.

A

T

46
Q

T/F: Triglycerides, phospholipids, bile, and cholesterol are all synthesized in the liver.

A

T

47
Q

The main site for FA biosynthesis is the _______.

A

liver

48
Q

FAs can be broken down to __________ by beta oxidation, which can take place in most cell types.

A

acetyl CoA

49
Q

Acetyl CoA is converted to _________ bodies, if the amount of acetyl CoA from beta oxidation exceeds the capacity of the ___________ ____________ ____________.

A

ketone, citric acid cycle

50
Q

Where does the synthesis of ketone bodies take place in the body?

A

the liver

51
Q

The liver is also the site for __________ of some important vitamins. Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol

A

activation

52
Q

In the liver, Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol

A

vitamin A

53
Q

T/F: Vitamin D has to undergo two hydroxylations to be activated. Where one takes place in the liver and the other in the kidneys.

A

T

54
Q

Folate is converted to _________________ in the liver

A

tetrahydrofolate

55
Q

The liver stores ___________ soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).

A

fat

56
Q

The liver also stores vitamin B12 and what minerals?

A

iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium

57
Q

Detoxification is a critical function of the _____________.

A

liver

58
Q

This cycle takes place in the liver and it converts toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea that can be filtered by the kidneys, and excreted in the urine.

A

Urea Cycle

59
Q

The liver metabolizes ____________ hormones.

A

steroid

60
Q

These tests are blood tests to assess liver damage.

A

Liver Function Tests (LFTs)

61
Q

The ALT enzyme stands for

A

alanine aminotransferase

62
Q

The AST enzyme stands for

A

aspartate aminotransferase

63
Q

The 2 liver enzymes help the body metabolize AAs.

A

ALT and AST

64
Q

Elevated ALT or AST levels would signal ________ disease.

A

liver

65
Q

The ALP enzyme stands for

A

alkaline phosphatase

66
Q

Elevated ALT + AST + ALP signifies what?

A

liver damage

67
Q

T/F: Elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream may indicate liver damage.

A

T

68
Q

A PT/INR stands for Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio and is a test that measures how long it takes the blood to _________.

A

clot

69
Q

T/F: An increased PT/INR means that it’s taking the blood longer than normal to clot. Which this could signify liver damage.

A

T

nhm 365 (23 decks)

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