Module 8: Diseases of the Liver Flashcards
The liver filters ________ and toxins.
waste
CHO metabolism, storage, and synthesis are the major ________________ functions of the liver.
metabolic
The liver plays a major role in _____ (CHO) metabolism.
carbohydrate
What are the end products of CHO digestion?
monosaccharides, glucose, fructose and galactose
If we need _____ , glucose can be metabolized through ___________, Krebs Cycle, and the electron transport chain (ETC) provide energy. These pathways take place in _____________.
ATP, glycolysis, hepatocytes
____________ is the universal fuel source for every cell in the body.
Glucose
Glycogenesis takes place in the __________.
liver
The storage form of glucose is what?
Glycogen
Glycogen is stored in ___________ and in ________.
muscle, liver
Glycogenolysis is the breakdown of ____________.
glycogen
The ________ can break down glycogen to _________ to be released into the blood, to be used by other cells.
liver, glucose
T/F: Even though we store glycogen in the liver and the muscle, the muscle lacks an enzyme to release that glucose from stored glycogen into the blood.
T
Most gluconeogenesis (90%) takes place in the ___________.
liver
T/F: If the liver is severely damaged, the kidneys can kick in and do a bit of gluconeogenesis.
T
___________ is the pathways to make new glucose out of other substrates (i.e. lactate, certain amino acids, or intermediated of the Krebs Cycle).
Gluconeogenesis
The ____________ is the gatekeeper of CHO metabolism where monosaccharides go to first after they’re absorbed from eating CHO.
liver
AAs»_space; hepatic portal vein»_space; liver
This is the pathway of amino acids for _________ (PRO) metabolism.
protein
The ___________ is the primary site of amino acid catabolism.
liver
The steps of AA breakdown are _____________ and _______________ _________________.
transamination, oxidative deamination
Transamination occurs when the ____________ group from the amino acid is transferred to a ____________ acid (usually alpha ketoglutarate).
amino, keto
Transamination is catalyzed by ____________ enzymes AKA aminotransferases.
transaminase
Most of the transaminase enzymes (aminotransferases) are present in the _____________.
liver
Oxidative deamination is the removal of the ___________ ______________.
amino group
Oxidative deamination is catalyzed by _____________ enzymes that are also present mainly in the ___________.
oxidase, liver
T/F: The carbon skeletons left from AA catabolism could be burned for energy, converted to fat, or converted to non-essential AAs.
T
Catabolism of most AAs takes place in the ______________.
liver
What BCAAs are predominantly metabolized in muscle rather than liver?
leucine, valine, and isoleucine
Synthesis of non-essential AAs occur mainly in the ________.
liver
What is the most important vital plasma protein that is synthesized?
albumin
T/F: Albumin is the LEAST abundant blood protein.
F (it’s the MOST abundant)
Albumin is important because it ____________ to several minerals and allows or their transport in the blood. It is also important for ___________ balance in the body.
binds, osmotic
If circulating albumin becomes too low, excess _________ may leak from blood into ______________ space.
fluid, interstitial
_______ is when there is fluid accumulation in the peritoneum caused by portal _________ + low ____________ levels.
Ascites, HTN, albumin
Ascites is often seen in people with what?
liver failure
What are the other plasma proteins made in the liver?
transferrin, retinol binding proteins (RBPs), clotting factors (fibrinogen, prothrombin), lipoproteins
_____________ transports iron on the blood.
Transferrin
Retinol binding proteins (RBPs) transports which vitamin?
vitamin A
T/F: Liver disease can lead to defects in blood clotting.
T
T/F: Synthesis of bile DOES NOT occur in the liver.
F
What components make up bile?
cholesterol + bile salts + the pigment bilirubin
Bile is made in the ___________. It then exits through _________ and is then stored in the ________________ until we need it to emulsify fat.
liver, ducts, gallbladder
___________ is the yellow staining of the skin and sclera (whites of eyes).
Jaundice
Jaundice is caused by abnormally high blood levels of the _______ _____________ ___________.
bile pigment bilirubin
Bilirubin is the byproduct of ______ _________ ________ (RBC) breakdown.
red blood cell
T/F: Jaundice can indicate liver or gallbladder disease.
T
T/F: Triglycerides, phospholipids, bile, and cholesterol are all synthesized in the liver.
T
The main site for FA biosynthesis is the _______.
liver
FAs can be broken down to __________ by beta oxidation, which can take place in most cell types.
acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is converted to _________ bodies, if the amount of acetyl CoA from beta oxidation exceeds the capacity of the ___________ ____________ ____________.
ketone, citric acid cycle
Where does the synthesis of ketone bodies take place in the body?
the liver
The liver is also the site for __________ of some important vitamins. Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol
activation
In the liver, Beta carotene is converted to active ________ or retinol
vitamin A
T/F: Vitamin D has to undergo two hydroxylations to be activated. Where one takes place in the liver and the other in the kidneys.
T
Folate is converted to _________________ in the liver
tetrahydrofolate
The liver stores ___________ soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K).
fat
The liver also stores vitamin B12 and what minerals?
iron, zinc, copper, and magnesium
Detoxification is a critical function of the _____________.
liver
This cycle takes place in the liver and it converts toxic ammonia to non-toxic urea that can be filtered by the kidneys, and excreted in the urine.
Urea Cycle
The liver metabolizes ____________ hormones.
steroid
These tests are blood tests to assess liver damage.
Liver Function Tests (LFTs)
The ALT enzyme stands for
alanine aminotransferase
The AST enzyme stands for
aspartate aminotransferase
The 2 liver enzymes help the body metabolize AAs.
ALT and AST
Elevated ALT or AST levels would signal ________ disease.
liver
The ALP enzyme stands for
alkaline phosphatase
Elevated ALT + AST + ALP signifies what?
liver damage
T/F: Elevated levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream may indicate liver damage.
T
A PT/INR stands for Prothrombin Time/International Normalized Ratio and is a test that measures how long it takes the blood to _________.
clot
T/F: An increased PT/INR means that it’s taking the blood longer than normal to clot. Which this could signify liver damage.
T
