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NHM 365 > Module 2: Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Module 2: Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

____________ bonds join monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

A

Glycosidic

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2
Q

___________ bonds join AAs + PROs

A

Peptide

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3
Q

__________ bonds join FAs + glycerol OR triglyceride + fat

A

Ester

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4
Q

________ (salivary amylase) and ______ alpha-amylase are key enzymes for starch/CHO digestion.

A

Ptyalin, pancreatic

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5
Q

T/F: There is little starch digestion in the mouth.

A

T

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6
Q

What are the brush border enzymes for starch/CHO digestion?

They break down disaccharides + oligosaccharides into monosaccharides.

A

sucrase, isomaltase, maltase, lactase

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7
Q

Which enzyme is the MOST important for starch digestion?

A

pancreatic alpha-amylase

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8
Q

The amylase from the pancreas breaks:

the alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds + ________

the alpha-______ glycosidic bonds + amylopectin

A

amylose, 1-6

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9
Q

Pancreatic amylase digests starches: ________ and ___________.

A

amylose, amylopectin

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10
Q

The brush border enzymes digest:

  • Maltose (and isomaltose) —–> _________
  • Sucrose —–> ________ + _________
  • Lactose —–> ________ + _________
A
  • glucose
  • glucose + fructose
  • glucose + galactose
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11
Q

The _____ is where we see most of CHO digestion.

A

SI

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12
Q

Monosaccharides are absorbed into the __________ cells that line the intestinal lumen.

A

epithelial

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13
Q

__________ is the milk-curdling enzyme found in the gastric juice of HUMAN INFANTS (before pepsin formation).

A

Rennin

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14
Q

______ cells secrete rennin.

A

Chief

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15
Q

______ cells secrete pepsin as a zymogen.

A

Chief

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16
Q

______ is a proteolytic enzyme in the stomach.

A

Pepsin

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17
Q

Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase come from the _______.

A

pancreas

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18
Q

Enterokinase is secreted by the _________ mucosa (SI), which is important for __________ digestion.

A

duodenal, PRO

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19
Q

____________ digestion of PROs begin in the stomach, with pepsin.

A

Chemical

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20
Q

MOST PRO digestion occurs in the _____.

A

SI

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21
Q

When chyme —> duodenum, it stimulates the hormone secretion of ___________.

A

secretin

22
Q

Secretin travels to the pancreas and stimulates the pancreas to release ____________ into the duodenum.

A

bicarbonate

23
Q

______ is the main stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes.

A

CCK

24
Q

When food —-> SI, then ______ is released into the blood and stimulates the pancreas to secrete ___________ enzymes that enter the pancreatic duct to the duodenum.

A

CCK, digestive

25
Q

Zymogens are __________ enzymes.

A

inactive

26
Q

The intestinal enzyme __________ activates trypsinogen into active trypsin.

A

enterokinase

27
Q

The end products of CHO digestion are absorbed into _________ —–> the hepatic portal vein —–> ________.

A

capillaries, liver

28
Q

The end products of PRO/AA’s digestion are absorbed into ___________ —-> hepatic portal vein —-> __________.

A

capillaries, liver

29
Q

The _______ is where most fat digestion occurs due to the enzyme __________ lipase.

A

SI, pancreatic

30
Q

_______ salts are needed to emulsify fat before it can be digested with pancreatic lipase.

A

Bile

31
Q

Bile is produced in the _______.

A

liver

32
Q

Bile is stored in the ___________.

A

gallbladder

33
Q

When food (esp fat) —-> SI (duodenum) then ________ is released.

CCK signals the ________ to release _________ enzymes and the gallbladder to release ____________.

A

CCK, pancreas, digestive, bile

34
Q

_________ are formed from the bile salts, monoglycerides and FFAs.

A

Micelles

35
Q

Micelles allow end products of _______ digestion to transit the intestinal lumen and reach the intestinal _________, where they are absorbed.

A

fat, mucosa

36
Q

The end products of fat digestion are absorbed in the ___________ of the SI.

A

jejunum

37
Q

Bile is recycled and reabsorbed in the ______ of the SI, then returned to the liver.

A

ileum

38
Q

Micelles deliver __________ and FFAs to the brush border.

A

monoglycerides

39
Q

At the brush border, FFAs and monoglycerides detach from the ________ and enter the ___________ cells.

A

micelles, epithelial

40
Q

___________ are lipoproteins that pack together TGs + cholesterol + fat-soluble vits + phospholipids, and _______ them in aqueous environments.

A

Chylomicrons, transports

41
Q

T/F: Chylomicrons enter capillaries —–> hepatic portal vein —–> liver.

A

F - they do not

42
Q

Chylomicrons are absorbed into _______ (lymphatic vessels) and enter _________ circulation first.

A

lacteals, lymphatic

43
Q

End products of CHO and PRO digestion are absorbed into the ________ and went to the ________ first.

While end products of FAT digestion are packaged into _________, absorbed into _________ and enter ________ circulation first.

A

blood, liver

chylomicrons, lacteals, lymphatic

44
Q

Vitamin ______ binds to ________ factor and then that complex binds to a receptor in the _______ in the SI to be absorbed.

A

B12, intrinsic, ileum

45
Q

The fat-soluble vitamins: ____, ______, _____, and ______ are absorbed with fat and carried by ____________ to the intestinal mucosa.

They’re then packaged into _________ + TGs and enter _______ circulation first.

A

A, D, E, K, micelles

chylomicrons, lymphatic

46
Q

Vitamin _______ enhances calcium absorption.

It acts as a transcription factor and upregulates expression of genes that code for calcium transport PROs.

A

D

47
Q

Consuming too much zinc can result in ________ deficiency.

A

copper

48
Q

Most minerals bound to transport PROs and are absorbed in the _______.

A

blood

49
Q

Most nutrients are absorbed in the ________ of the SI.

A

jejunum

50
Q

T/F: People who had bariatric surgeries that bypass part of the SI, NEED to supplement micronutrients for the rest of their lives.

A

T

51
Q

T/F: Many minerals compete for absorption.

A

T

52
Q

T/F: Many drugs compete for absorption.

A

T

NHM 365 (23 decks)

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