Module 2: Digestion and Absorption Flashcards
____________ bonds join monosaccharides to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.
Glycosidic
___________ bonds join AAs + PROs
Peptide
__________ bonds join FAs + glycerol OR triglyceride + fat
Ester
________ (salivary amylase) and ______ alpha-amylase are key enzymes for starch/CHO digestion.
Ptyalin, pancreatic
T/F: There is little starch digestion in the mouth.
T
What are the brush border enzymes for starch/CHO digestion?
They break down disaccharides + oligosaccharides into monosaccharides.
sucrase, isomaltase, maltase, lactase
Which enzyme is the MOST important for starch digestion?
pancreatic alpha-amylase
The amylase from the pancreas breaks:
the alpha-1, 4 glycosidic bonds + ________
the alpha-______ glycosidic bonds + amylopectin
amylose, 1-6
Pancreatic amylase digests starches: ________ and ___________.
amylose, amylopectin
The brush border enzymes digest:
- Maltose (and isomaltose) —–> _________
- Sucrose —–> ________ + _________
- Lactose —–> ________ + _________
- glucose
- glucose + fructose
- glucose + galactose
The _____ is where we see most of CHO digestion.
SI
Monosaccharides are absorbed into the __________ cells that line the intestinal lumen.
epithelial
__________ is the milk-curdling enzyme found in the gastric juice of HUMAN INFANTS (before pepsin formation).
Rennin
______ cells secrete rennin.
Chief
______ cells secrete pepsin as a zymogen.
Chief
______ is a proteolytic enzyme in the stomach.
Pepsin
Trypsin, chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase come from the _______.
pancreas
Enterokinase is secreted by the _________ mucosa (SI), which is important for __________ digestion.
duodenal, PRO
____________ digestion of PROs begin in the stomach, with pepsin.
Chemical
MOST PRO digestion occurs in the _____.
SI
When chyme —> duodenum, it stimulates the hormone secretion of ___________.
secretin
Secretin travels to the pancreas and stimulates the pancreas to release ____________ into the duodenum.
bicarbonate
______ is the main stimulus for the release of pancreatic enzymes.
CCK
When food —-> SI, then ______ is released into the blood and stimulates the pancreas to secrete ___________ enzymes that enter the pancreatic duct to the duodenum.
CCK, digestive
Zymogens are __________ enzymes.
inactive
The intestinal enzyme __________ activates trypsinogen into active trypsin.
enterokinase
The end products of CHO digestion are absorbed into _________ —–> the hepatic portal vein —–> ________.
capillaries, liver
The end products of PRO/AA’s digestion are absorbed into ___________ —-> hepatic portal vein —-> __________.
capillaries, liver
The _______ is where most fat digestion occurs due to the enzyme __________ lipase.
SI, pancreatic
_______ salts are needed to emulsify fat before it can be digested with pancreatic lipase.
Bile
Bile is produced in the _______.
liver
Bile is stored in the ___________.
gallbladder
When food (esp fat) —-> SI (duodenum) then ________ is released.
CCK signals the ________ to release _________ enzymes and the gallbladder to release ____________.
CCK, pancreas, digestive, bile
_________ are formed from the bile salts, monoglycerides and FFAs.
Micelles
Micelles allow end products of _______ digestion to transit the intestinal lumen and reach the intestinal _________, where they are absorbed.
fat, mucosa
The end products of fat digestion are absorbed in the ___________ of the SI.
jejunum
Bile is recycled and reabsorbed in the ______ of the SI, then returned to the liver.
ileum
Micelles deliver __________ and FFAs to the brush border.
monoglycerides
At the brush border, FFAs and monoglycerides detach from the ________ and enter the ___________ cells.
micelles, epithelial
___________ are lipoproteins that pack together TGs + cholesterol + fat-soluble vits + phospholipids, and _______ them in aqueous environments.
Chylomicrons, transports
T/F: Chylomicrons enter capillaries —–> hepatic portal vein —–> liver.
F - they do not
Chylomicrons are absorbed into _______ (lymphatic vessels) and enter _________ circulation first.
lacteals, lymphatic
End products of CHO and PRO digestion are absorbed into the ________ and went to the ________ first.
While end products of FAT digestion are packaged into _________, absorbed into _________ and enter ________ circulation first.
blood, liver
chylomicrons, lacteals, lymphatic
Vitamin ______ binds to ________ factor and then that complex binds to a receptor in the _______ in the SI to be absorbed.
B12, intrinsic, ileum
The fat-soluble vitamins: ____, ______, _____, and ______ are absorbed with fat and carried by ____________ to the intestinal mucosa.
They’re then packaged into _________ + TGs and enter _______ circulation first.
A, D, E, K, micelles
chylomicrons, lymphatic
Vitamin _______ enhances calcium absorption.
It acts as a transcription factor and upregulates expression of genes that code for calcium transport PROs.
D
Consuming too much zinc can result in ________ deficiency.
copper
Most minerals bound to transport PROs and are absorbed in the _______.
blood
Most nutrients are absorbed in the ________ of the SI.
jejunum
T/F: People who had bariatric surgeries that bypass part of the SI, NEED to supplement micronutrients for the rest of their lives.
T
T/F: Many minerals compete for absorption.
T
T/F: Many drugs compete for absorption.
T
