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NHM 365 > Module 6: Diet and CVD > Flashcards

Module 6: Diet and CVD Flashcards

1
Q

_____________ acids are the building blocks of lipids.

A

Fatty

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2
Q

____________ is a glycerol molecule that has 3 FAs attached to it.

A

Triglyceride

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3
Q

__________ fat has SINGLE bonds between the carbon atoms.

A

Saturated

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4
Q

_____________ fat have 1 or more DOUBLE bonds between the carbon atoms.

A

Unsaturated

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5
Q

A _________________ fatty acid has 1 DOUBLE bond between the carbon atoms.

A

Monounsaturated

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6
Q

A _______________ fatty acid has 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS between the carbon atoms.

A

polyunsaturated

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7
Q

T/F: It is best to limit saturated fat in the diet.

A

T

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8
Q

What are the 4 types of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)?

A
  • Myristic
  • Palmitic
  • Lauric
  • Stearic
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9
Q

____________ fatty acids tend to promote the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.

A

Atherogenic

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10
Q

Which SFAs are more atherogenic?

A

myristic and palmitic

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11
Q

___________ SFA is found in butterfat, coconut, and palm oil.

A

Myristic

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12
Q

________ SFA is found in meats, butter, dairy, and palm oil.

A

Palmitic

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13
Q

____________ SFA is found in coconut oil.

A

Lauric

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14
Q

_____________ SFA is found in meats and chocolate.

A

Stearic

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15
Q

_________ and ___________ SFAs contribute to inflammation, elevated lipids, and atherogenesis.

A

Myristic, palmitic

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16
Q

T/F: Most of the fats in foods we consume in our diet are LCFAs (long-chain fatty acids).

A

T

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17
Q

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have ______ or more carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

18

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18
Q

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have ______ or fewer carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.

A

12

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19
Q

Lauric acid is a:

a. SCFA
b. MCFA
c. LCFA

A

b. MFCA

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20
Q

___________ ___________ _______ (PUFAs) are thought to DECREASE serum cholesterol.

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

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21
Q

__________ acid is the predominant PUFA that’s consumed in the American diet.

A

Linoleic

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22
Q

T/F: Omega-6 is a linoleic acid that’s essential to our diet.

A

T

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23
Q

What are the sources of Omega-6’s?

A

vegetable oils

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24
Q

T/F: Excessive Omega-6’s is very heart healthy.

A

F (it is heart unhealthy)

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25
Q

___________ PUFAs are the most effective FA for lowering TG’s.

A

Omega-3’s

26
Q

T/F: Omega-3’s have anti-inflammatory properties and are the most cardioprotective.

A

T

27
Q

EPA and DHA are found in which Omega PUFA?

A

Omega-3’s

28
Q

Sources of _________ and ________ are fatty-cold water fish (i.e. salmon, mackerel, herring, trout and albacore tuna), fish oils and capsules.

A

EPA, DHA

29
Q

What are the AHA recommendations for fatty fish per week?

A

two 3.5 oz servings

30
Q

What are the sources of alpha-linoleic acid?

A

flaxseed and walnuts

31
Q

T/F: Alpha-linoleic acid is an Omega-3 FA and is essential and cardioprotective.

A

T

32
Q

MUFA stands for what?

A

monounsaturated fatty acid

33
Q

T/F: Replacing SFA with MUFA is thought to INCREASE total cholesterol, LDL and TG

A

F (it decreases)

34
Q

Nuts, olives, avocado, peanut, olive and canola oils are sources of which FA?

A

MUFA

35
Q

What is the predominant source of trans fat?

A

partially hydrogenated oils

36
Q

________ fat INCREASE cholesterols and LDL, and DECREASE HDL.

A

Trans

37
Q

T/F: For most people, dietary cholesterol doesn’t drive blood levels of cholesterol as much as saturated fat.

A

T

38
Q

Plant _______ and ________ are naturally present in many fruits, veggies, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.

A

stanols, sterols

39
Q

Plant stanols and sterols consumption may significantly __________ serum cholesterol.

A

lower

40
Q

Plant stanols and sterols ________ dietary cholesterol in the SI. This increases the expression of ________ receptors on the surface of liver cells, which facilitate LDL uptake by the ________, reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.

A

inhibit, LDL, liver

41
Q

Does soluble or insoluble fiber have the most direct effect on blood lipids?

A

soluble

42
Q

________ fiber promotes the excretion of cholesterol, which decreases total cholesterol levels.

A

Soluble

43
Q

What are the sources of soluble fiber?

A

pectins & gums (fruits & veggies), psyllium, oat bran, beans, legumes, peas

44
Q

_________ fiber are thought to have NO direct effect on serum cholesterol.

A

Insoluble

45
Q

What is the recommendation of fiber intake per day for children and adults?

A

14g per 1000 kcals

46
Q

T/F: Alcohol is cardioprotective in small doses.

A

T

47
Q

Dietary intake of ____________ vitamins and carotenoids are inversely related to CHD risk.

A

antioxidant

48
Q

____________ are found in tea, onions, red wine, red grape juice, tomatoes, grapefruit, soy, etc. and appear to have beneficial antioxidant effects.

A

Flavonoids

49
Q

High levels of circulating homocysteine are associated with _______.

A

CVD

50
Q

Folic acid, and B vitamins _____ and _____ DECREASE homocysteine levels.

A

6, 12

51
Q

Smoking ______ the incidence and mortality of CVD, ______ HDL, _________ BP, and damages endothelial lining of arterial walls.

A

increases, decreases, increases

52
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia is a single ______ disorder, resulting from a mutation/defect in the gene that codes for the ____ receptor protein.

A

gene, LDL

53
Q

The cholesterol medicine _______ __________ sequestrants (cholestyramine) bind up bile salts int he GI tract, preventing them from being reabsorbed in the lower bowel.

A

bile acid

54
Q

The cholesterol medicine __________ _____ (form of niacin) is found in food, but also prescribed at high doses for cardiovascular protection. It _______ LDL and __________ HDL cholesterol.

A

nicotinic acid, decreases, increases

55
Q

The cholesterol medicine ___________ (evolocumab) - PCSK9 Inhibitor is a biologic medicine given by _____________. It works by __________ the breakdown of LDL receptors on the cell surface.

A

Repatha, injection, inhibiting

56
Q

The cholesterol medicine ___________ (fibric acid derivatives - i.e. Gemifibrozil (Lopid) and Fenofibrate (Tricor)) __________ the production of TGs and ______ HDL cholesterol. It should be taken with food.

A

fibrates, decrease, increase

57
Q

The cholesterol medicine/drug HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors AKA “_________” (i.e. Simvastatin, Lovastatin). are the MOST prescribed lipid-lowering agent. They work by inhibiting the enzyme ______________
and ______________ cholesterol synthesis in the ________.

A

statins, HMG-CoA reductase, blocking, liver

58
Q

(PTCA) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty AKA percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a medical intervention where a _______ is inflated within the ________ artery to break up plaque.

A

balloon, coronary

59
Q

(CABG) - Coronary artery bypass graft is when a vein from the leg or artery from the chest is used to _______ a resection of ____________ vessels around an occlusion and basically create a NEW coronary artery.

A

graft, coronary

60
Q

_______ and ___________ are the foundation of treatment for CVD.

A

Diet, lifestyle

NHM 365 (23 decks)

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