Module 6: Diet and CVD Flashcards
_____________ acids are the building blocks of lipids.
Fatty
____________ is a glycerol molecule that has 3 FAs attached to it.
Triglyceride
__________ fat has SINGLE bonds between the carbon atoms.
Saturated
_____________ fat have 1 or more DOUBLE bonds between the carbon atoms.
Unsaturated
A _________________ fatty acid has 1 DOUBLE bond between the carbon atoms.
Monounsaturated
A _______________ fatty acid has 2 OR MORE DOUBLE BONDS between the carbon atoms.
polyunsaturated
T/F: It is best to limit saturated fat in the diet.
T
What are the 4 types of saturated fatty acids (SFAs)?
- Myristic
- Palmitic
- Lauric
- Stearic
____________ fatty acids tend to promote the formation of fatty plaques in the arteries.
Atherogenic
Which SFAs are more atherogenic?
myristic and palmitic
___________ SFA is found in butterfat, coconut, and palm oil.
Myristic
________ SFA is found in meats, butter, dairy, and palm oil.
Palmitic
____________ SFA is found in coconut oil.
Lauric
_____________ SFA is found in meats and chocolate.
Stearic
_________ and ___________ SFAs contribute to inflammation, elevated lipids, and atherogenesis.
Myristic, palmitic
T/F: Most of the fats in foods we consume in our diet are LCFAs (long-chain fatty acids).
T
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) have ______ or more carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
18
Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) have ______ or fewer carbons in the hydrocarbon chain.
12
Lauric acid is a:
a. SCFA
b. MCFA
c. LCFA
b. MFCA
___________ ___________ _______ (PUFAs) are thought to DECREASE serum cholesterol.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids
__________ acid is the predominant PUFA that’s consumed in the American diet.
Linoleic
T/F: Omega-6 is a linoleic acid that’s essential to our diet.
T
What are the sources of Omega-6’s?
vegetable oils
T/F: Excessive Omega-6’s is very heart healthy.
F (it is heart unhealthy)
___________ PUFAs are the most effective FA for lowering TG’s.
Omega-3’s
T/F: Omega-3’s have anti-inflammatory properties and are the most cardioprotective.
T
EPA and DHA are found in which Omega PUFA?
Omega-3’s
Sources of _________ and ________ are fatty-cold water fish (i.e. salmon, mackerel, herring, trout and albacore tuna), fish oils and capsules.
EPA, DHA
What are the AHA recommendations for fatty fish per week?
two 3.5 oz servings
What are the sources of alpha-linoleic acid?
flaxseed and walnuts
T/F: Alpha-linoleic acid is an Omega-3 FA and is essential and cardioprotective.
T
MUFA stands for what?
monounsaturated fatty acid
T/F: Replacing SFA with MUFA is thought to INCREASE total cholesterol, LDL and TG
F (it decreases)
Nuts, olives, avocado, peanut, olive and canola oils are sources of which FA?
MUFA
What is the predominant source of trans fat?
partially hydrogenated oils
________ fat INCREASE cholesterols and LDL, and DECREASE HDL.
Trans
T/F: For most people, dietary cholesterol doesn’t drive blood levels of cholesterol as much as saturated fat.
T
Plant _______ and ________ are naturally present in many fruits, veggies, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.
stanols, sterols
Plant stanols and sterols consumption may significantly __________ serum cholesterol.
lower
Plant stanols and sterols ________ dietary cholesterol in the SI. This increases the expression of ________ receptors on the surface of liver cells, which facilitate LDL uptake by the ________, reducing levels of LDL cholesterol.
inhibit, LDL, liver
Does soluble or insoluble fiber have the most direct effect on blood lipids?
soluble
________ fiber promotes the excretion of cholesterol, which decreases total cholesterol levels.
Soluble
What are the sources of soluble fiber?
pectins & gums (fruits & veggies), psyllium, oat bran, beans, legumes, peas
_________ fiber are thought to have NO direct effect on serum cholesterol.
Insoluble
What is the recommendation of fiber intake per day for children and adults?
14g per 1000 kcals
T/F: Alcohol is cardioprotective in small doses.
T
Dietary intake of ____________ vitamins and carotenoids are inversely related to CHD risk.
antioxidant
____________ are found in tea, onions, red wine, red grape juice, tomatoes, grapefruit, soy, etc. and appear to have beneficial antioxidant effects.
Flavonoids
High levels of circulating homocysteine are associated with _______.
CVD
Folic acid, and B vitamins _____ and _____ DECREASE homocysteine levels.
6, 12
Smoking ______ the incidence and mortality of CVD, ______ HDL, _________ BP, and damages endothelial lining of arterial walls.
increases, decreases, increases
Familial hypercholesterolemia is a single ______ disorder, resulting from a mutation/defect in the gene that codes for the ____ receptor protein.
gene, LDL
The cholesterol medicine _______ __________ sequestrants (cholestyramine) bind up bile salts int he GI tract, preventing them from being reabsorbed in the lower bowel.
bile acid
The cholesterol medicine __________ _____ (form of niacin) is found in food, but also prescribed at high doses for cardiovascular protection. It _______ LDL and __________ HDL cholesterol.
nicotinic acid, decreases, increases
The cholesterol medicine ___________ (evolocumab) - PCSK9 Inhibitor is a biologic medicine given by _____________. It works by __________ the breakdown of LDL receptors on the cell surface.
Repatha, injection, inhibiting
The cholesterol medicine ___________ (fibric acid derivatives - i.e. Gemifibrozil (Lopid) and Fenofibrate (Tricor)) __________ the production of TGs and ______ HDL cholesterol. It should be taken with food.
fibrates, decrease, increase
The cholesterol medicine/drug HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors AKA “_________” (i.e. Simvastatin, Lovastatin). are the MOST prescribed lipid-lowering agent. They work by inhibiting the enzyme ______________
and ______________ cholesterol synthesis in the ________.
statins, HMG-CoA reductase, blocking, liver
(PTCA) percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty AKA percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is a medical intervention where a _______ is inflated within the ________ artery to break up plaque.
balloon, coronary
(CABG) - Coronary artery bypass graft is when a vein from the leg or artery from the chest is used to _______ a resection of ____________ vessels around an occlusion and basically create a NEW coronary artery.
graft, coronary
_______ and ___________ are the foundation of treatment for CVD.
Diet, lifestyle
