Module 6: Hypertension Flashcards
HTN (hypertension) is persistently high _______ ______ _______.
arterial blood pressure
______ or Primary HTN is idiopathic and appears to have a strong genetic component.
Essential
________ HTN results from ANOTER condition, often renal or endocrine disease. There’s a direct cause & effect. It may be curable if you first fixe the underlying problem.
Secondary
What % of people have essential/primary HTN?
90 - 95%
The ________ cycle is the mechanical events of 1 complete heartbeat.
cardiac
______ is ventricular contraction and pump blood out.
Systole
________ is ventricular relaxation and are filling with blood from the atria.
Diastole
_________ ________ is the volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each heart beat during systole.
Stroke volume
______ ________ is measured in beats per minute (bpm).
Heart rate
(CO) Cardiac Output is the volume of blood that flows through each ventricle per minute.
What’s the equation for CO?
CO = SV x HR
What’s the equation for BP?
BP = CO x peripheral resistance
_____ ________ (BP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the _______.
Blood pressure, arteries
T/F: Arteries are a lot thicker & stronger than veins.
T
Blood pressure is dependent on ______ ______.
cardiac output
Peripheral resistance is the _________ the blood encounters as it flows through the ________.
resistance, vessels
The ________ nervous system controls ___________ actions of the smooth muscles, the heart, and the glands.
autonomic, involuntary
The autonomic nervous system has 2 divisions:
- Sympathetic
- Parasympathetic
The ____________ nervous system is AKA “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” where you get a release of epinephrine & norepinephrine that _______ heart rate and BP.
sympathetic, increases
The ____________ nervous system is AKA “REST AND DIGEST” where it increases intestinal & glandular secretions, ___________ heart rate and BP through the ______ nerve.
parasympathetic, decreases, vagus
_______ ______ syndrome is when someone gets nervous at the doctor’s office and increases their BP.
White coat
The _________ and _____________ autonomic nervous systems are key _________ of ______.
sympathetic, parasympathetic, regulators, BP
A ______ in BP stimulates the release of ______from the kidneys.
drop, renin
Renin acts as an ___________ and converts ____________ to angiotensin 1 which is then converted to its active form angiotensin II by the enzyme ________ ____________ _____________ (ACE).
enzyme, angiotensinogen, angiotensin converting enzyme
Angiotensin ______ causes blood vessels to constrict and stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete ________.
II, aldosterone
____________ is a hormone that causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium and excrete potassium.
Aldosterone
_____________ AKA antidiuretic hormone/ADH is a regulator that acts to INCREASE blood _______and _______ .
It is secreted by the __________ gland in response to a drop in _____. This causes vasoconstriction & retention of water by the kidneys.
Vasopressin, volume, pressure, pituitary, BP
T/F: Obesity decreases peripheral resistance.
F (increases)
Nicotine and caffiene can transiently _______ BP.
increase
Atherosclerosis increases or decreases peripheral resistance? How will it affect BP?
increases
It increases BP
_________ HTN can lead to:
- Hemorrhagic stroke
- An aneurysm
- Weakened artery wall
- Nephropathy
- Retinopathy
Uncontrolled
_______ HTN is one of the leading causes of kidney failure.
Chronic
What is the WC of men and women for high risk associated with DM2, dyslipidemia, HTN and CVD?
Men: > 40 in (102 cm)
Women > 35 in (88cm)
What is the recommended Dietary Guidelines for sodium intake?
< 2300 mg/day
What is the AHA recommendation for sodium intake?
< 1500 mg/day
BE CAREFUL WITH SALT SUBSTITUTES!
Salt substitutes + potassium (from potassium sparing meds) could lead to dangerous _____________.
hyperkalemia
The DASH diet stands for what?
Dietary Approaches to Stop HTN
T/F: The DASH diet is very effective for preventing & treating HTN.
T
The DASH diet limits ______ intake but relies on increased minerals and fiber and low fat through veggies, fruits, whole grains, low fat dairy, legumes, nuts, and seeds.
sodium
The DASH diet is rich in what 3 specific minerals?
potassium, calcium, and magnesium
T/F: Natural licorice is naturally hypertensive & should be avoided.
T
The ___________________ enzyme (ACE) inhibitors block the kidneys from retaining _______ and ________ by deactivating the ACE enzyme. This _________ BP.
angiotensin-converting enzyme, sodium, water, decreases/lowers
ACE inhibitors and ARBs medications causes people to retain ____________ because aldosterone is blocked. This is why you want to avoid _____________ salt substitutes.
potassium, KCl
_____________ ____ ____________ (ARBs) agonists blocks the action of angiotensin II at the receptor.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers
_______ and _____________ diuretics cause the kidneys to excrete __________ along with sodium and water. So individuals may need MORE potassium, so KCl salt substitutes are OK.
Loop, thiazide
_________________ diuretics makes people hold on to more potassium. So KCl salt substitutes must be avoided.
Potassium-sparring
______________ are anti-hypertensive meds that block beta androgenic receptors.
Beta-Blockers
________________ blockers slow the movement of calcium into the smooth muscle cells of the heart. This __________ BP and dilates blood vessels. On these meds, you want to avoid ___________.
Ca2+ - channel, lowers, grapefruit
