Module 2: Absorption Flashcards
Digestion primarily occurs by __________.
enzymes
What are the appendage organs?
pancreas, liver, and biliary tree
Chewing is an example of ___________ digestion.
mechanical
Starch/CHO breakdown in the mouth by enzymes is an example of ____________ digestion.
chemical
T/F: Minimal FAT digestion occurs in the mouth from the enzyme lingual lipase.
T
__________ is a salivary amylase (enzyme) that begins _________ breakdown in the mouth.
Ptyalin, starch
Deglutition is the process of ____________.
swallowing
______________ moves bolus to the stomach.
Peristalsis
In the stomach, wavelike contraction mix food with __________ secretions: __________, HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, _________ lipase, and mucus.
gastric, gastrin, gastric
Food in the stomach signals the release of the hormone _________ (from the stomach mucosa).
gastrin
Gastrin stimulates ________ cells to secrete __________ acid (HCl). Food mixes with HCl allowing PROs to be denatured.
parietal, hydrochloric
Parietal cells secrete _______ factor (a glycoprotein).
intrinsic
Intrinsic factor is important for vitamin B ________ absorption in the SI.
12
_______ cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen and ______ lipase.
Chief, gastric
Pepsinogen is a ____________ that’s activated by HCl to active enzyme __________.
zymogen, pepsin
T/F: Very little FAT digestion occurs in the stomach.
T
________ control flow of material in and out of the stomach.
Sphincters
The _______ esophageal sphincter is closed except when swallowing.
upper
The _________ esophageal sphincter (LES) closes the entrance to the stomach.
lower
Which esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of acid chyme back into the esophagus?
Lower or upper??
lower (LES)
Alcohol, fat, peppermint, spearmint, chocolate & caffeine all __________ LES pressure which causes the sphincter to relax.
lowers/decreases
The ____________ (pyloric valve) prevents reflux of SI back into the stomach.
pylorus
T/F: Sphincters can be excessively stimulated by stress, causing spasm and possible pain.
T
Most chemical digestion and absorption occur in the what?
Small intestine
The brush border is composed of ___________.
Microvilli
What part of the small intestine is where chemical digestion starts?
a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
a) duodenum
What part(s) of the small intestine are primarily absorptive?
a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
b) jejunum
c) ileum
The _________ is a glandular organ that secretes __________ enzymes into the SI.
pancreas, digestive
The _________ produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.
bile
The ____________ releases bile into the SI to aid ______ digestion.
gallbladder, fat
What part of the small intestine is the principal site of absorption of nutrients?
a) ileum
b) duodenum
c) jejunum
c) jejunum
T/F: The SI has a small surface area for absorption.
F - large surface area
_______ are fingerlike projections of the SI mucosa.
Villi
_____________ are tiny projections of the plasma membrane that form the “brush border” of the SI.
Microvilli
This is when BILE SALTS are REABSORBED & returned to the liver to be RECYCLED again into more BILE.
________________ Circulation
Enterohepatic
This is the sphincter between the small and large intestines.
____________ valve
ileocecal
___________ diffusion is driven by a concentration gradient, and molecules flow back & forth to maintain osmotic equivalency on either side.
Simple
___________ diffusion involves a carrier protein as a vehicle to move molecules too large to diffuse easily.
Facilitated
Active transport is requires ____________ (ATP) to move nutrients across the membrane with a carrier protein.
energy
The roles of the large intestine are to:
- Absorb the remaining water and _____________
- Colonic salvage
- Removal of solid ___________
electrolytes, waste
The large intestine synthesizes what vitamins?
vitamin K, B12, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2)
The _______ colon in the large intestine is where most _____________ of non-digestible CHO occurs.
ascending, fermentation
The gut microbiota contains _____________ bacteria and other microbes naturally occurring in the large intestine
symbiotic
_____________ are LIVE microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits.
Probiotics
Prebiotics = ________ like inulin or FOS that aren’t digested but fermented by the bacteria.
CHO
______________ are functional food that would provide both PRO and PREbiotic benefits.
Synbiotic
“_____” cells in the stomach secrete gastrin which stimulates gastric secretions and motility.
g
Cells in the proximal SI release ___________.
secretin
Secretin stimulates the _____________ to release ____________ - rich fluid and water into the duodenum.
pancreas, bicarbonate
In response to the presence of HCl and food (esp fat), the SI releases __________________ (CCK).
cholecystokinin
CCK stimulates ____________ enzyme release.
pancreatic
T/F: CCK increases satiety.
T
CCK causes the ____________ to contract.
gallbladder
In response to bile and pancreatic secretions, cells in the upper SI release ___________.
motilin
Motilin increases gastric emptying and stimulates gut __________.
motility
Somatostatin is abundant in the GI tract but decreases GI ______________ and inhibits secretion of other GI hormones.
motility
