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NHM 365 > Module 2: Absorption > Flashcards

Module 2: Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion primarily occurs by __________.

A

enzymes

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2
Q

What are the appendage organs?

A

pancreas, liver, and biliary tree

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3
Q

Chewing is an example of ___________ digestion.

A

mechanical

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4
Q

Starch/CHO breakdown in the mouth by enzymes is an example of ____________ digestion.

A

chemical

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5
Q

T/F: Minimal FAT digestion occurs in the mouth from the enzyme lingual lipase.

A

T

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6
Q

__________ is a salivary amylase (enzyme) that begins _________ breakdown in the mouth.

A

Ptyalin, starch

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7
Q

Deglutition is the process of ____________.

A

swallowing

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8
Q

______________ moves bolus to the stomach.

A

Peristalsis

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9
Q

In the stomach, wavelike contraction mix food with __________ secretions: __________, HCl, intrinsic factor, pepsinogen, _________ lipase, and mucus.

A

gastric, gastrin, gastric

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10
Q

Food in the stomach signals the release of the hormone _________ (from the stomach mucosa).

A

gastrin

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11
Q

Gastrin stimulates ________ cells to secrete __________ acid (HCl). Food mixes with HCl allowing PROs to be denatured.

A

parietal, hydrochloric

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12
Q

Parietal cells secrete _______ factor (a glycoprotein).

A

intrinsic

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13
Q

Intrinsic factor is important for vitamin B ________ absorption in the SI.

A

12

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14
Q

_______ cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen and ______ lipase.

A

Chief, gastric

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15
Q

Pepsinogen is a ____________ that’s activated by HCl to active enzyme __________.

A

zymogen, pepsin

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16
Q

T/F: Very little FAT digestion occurs in the stomach.

A

T

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17
Q

________ control flow of material in and out of the stomach.

A

Sphincters

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18
Q

The _______ esophageal sphincter is closed except when swallowing.

A

upper

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19
Q

The _________ esophageal sphincter (LES) closes the entrance to the stomach.

A

lower

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20
Q

Which esophageal sphincter prevents reflux of acid chyme back into the esophagus?

Lower or upper??

A

lower (LES)

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21
Q

Alcohol, fat, peppermint, spearmint, chocolate & caffeine all __________ LES pressure which causes the sphincter to relax.

A

lowers/decreases

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22
Q

The ____________ (pyloric valve) prevents reflux of SI back into the stomach.

A

pylorus

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23
Q

T/F: Sphincters can be excessively stimulated by stress, causing spasm and possible pain.

A

T

24
Q

Most chemical digestion and absorption occur in the what?

A

Small intestine

25
Q

The brush border is composed of ___________.

A

Microvilli

26
Q

What part of the small intestine is where chemical digestion starts?

a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum

A

a) duodenum

27
Q

What part(s) of the small intestine are primarily absorptive?

a) duodenum
b) jejunum
c) ileum

A

b) jejunum
c) ileum

28
Q

The _________ is a glandular organ that secretes __________ enzymes into the SI.

A

pancreas, digestive

29
Q

The _________ produces bile, which is stored in the gallbladder.

A

bile

30
Q

The ____________ releases bile into the SI to aid ______ digestion.

A

gallbladder, fat

31
Q

What part of the small intestine is the principal site of absorption of nutrients?

a) ileum
b) duodenum
c) jejunum

A

c) jejunum

32
Q

T/F: The SI has a small surface area for absorption.

A

F - large surface area

33
Q

_______ are fingerlike projections of the SI mucosa.

A

Villi

34
Q

_____________ are tiny projections of the plasma membrane that form the “brush border” of the SI.

A

Microvilli

35
Q

This is when BILE SALTS are REABSORBED & returned to the liver to be RECYCLED again into more BILE.

________________ Circulation

A

Enterohepatic

36
Q

This is the sphincter between the small and large intestines.

____________ valve

A

ileocecal

37
Q

___________ diffusion is driven by a concentration gradient, and molecules flow back & forth to maintain osmotic equivalency on either side.

A

Simple

38
Q

___________ diffusion involves a carrier protein as a vehicle to move molecules too large to diffuse easily.

A

Facilitated

39
Q

Active transport is requires ____________ (ATP) to move nutrients across the membrane with a carrier protein.

A

energy

40
Q

The roles of the large intestine are to:

  • Absorb the remaining water and _____________
  • Colonic salvage
  • Removal of solid ___________
A

electrolytes, waste

41
Q

The large intestine synthesizes what vitamins?

A

vitamin K, B12, thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2)

42
Q

The _______ colon in the large intestine is where most _____________ of non-digestible CHO occurs.

A

ascending, fermentation

43
Q

The gut microbiota contains _____________ bacteria and other microbes naturally occurring in the large intestine

A

symbiotic

44
Q

_____________ are LIVE microorganisms that are intended to have health benefits.

A

Probiotics

45
Q

Prebiotics = ________ like inulin or FOS that aren’t digested but fermented by the bacteria.

A

CHO

46
Q

______________ are functional food that would provide both PRO and PREbiotic benefits.

A

Synbiotic

47
Q

“_____” cells in the stomach secrete gastrin which stimulates gastric secretions and motility.

A

g

48
Q

Cells in the proximal SI release ___________.

A

secretin

49
Q

Secretin stimulates the _____________ to release ____________ - rich fluid and water into the duodenum.

A

pancreas, bicarbonate

50
Q

In response to the presence of HCl and food (esp fat), the SI releases __________________ (CCK).

A

cholecystokinin

51
Q

CCK stimulates ____________ enzyme release.

A

pancreatic

52
Q

T/F: CCK increases satiety.

A

T

53
Q

CCK causes the ____________ to contract.

A

gallbladder

54
Q

In response to bile and pancreatic secretions, cells in the upper SI release ___________.

A

motilin

55
Q

Motilin increases gastric emptying and stimulates gut __________.

A

motility

56
Q

Somatostatin is abundant in the GI tract but decreases GI ______________ and inhibits secretion of other GI hormones.

A

motility

NHM 365 (23 decks)

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