Module 6: CVD - Pathophysiology Flashcards
T/F: CVD is the leading cause of death for men and women in the U.S.
T
Most CVD deaths result from _____________ __________ AKA heart attack.
myocardial infarction
Highest prevalence of heart attacks are seen in what race/ethnicity and gender?
African American men
CVD includes what interrelated disorders?
hypertension (HTN), coronary heart disease (CHD), atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is AKA what?
Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is also referred to as what?
a stroke
Congenital means….
a person is born with it
Rheumatic Heart Disease is a _______ ________ damage that occurs after an episode of ___________ fever.
heart valve, rheumatic
T/F: Dietary cholesterol highly impacts blood cholesterol.
F
____________ fat affects cholesterol the most.
Saturated
What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?
To move blood around the body.
The heart is divided into 2 halves, which each half divided into 2 chambers:
- Atrium (left & right)
- ventricle (left & right)
_____________ pump blood out.
Ventricles
__________ receive blood back.
Atria
Blood is pumped from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the lungs, and then it comes back to the LEFT ATRIUM.
This is what?
pulmonary circulation
Blood is pumped from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all the tissues of the body except the lungs, then it comes back to the RIGHT ATRIUM.
This is what?
systemic circulation
What vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart?
arteries
What vessels carry blood TO the heart?
veins
_____________ blood leaves the left ventricle and passes through ______________ circulation to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.
Oxygenated, systemic
_____________ blood is returned by _____________ circulation to the right atrium.
It passes to the ______ ventricle and then pumped through the lungs, where it gets rid of CO2 and picks up oxygen.
The oxygenated blood comes back from the ________ to the _______ atrium, passes to the left ventricle and is pumped out again to all the body’s tissues.
Deoxygenated, venous
right
lungs, left
Blood flow through the circuits depend on ________ _________.
blood pressure
_____________ is the progressive narrowing of the arterial tree. (Can affect any _________ in the body, including the ones in the heart, brain, arms, legs, and pelvis.) This can DECREASE blood flow.
Atherosclerosis, artery
___________ (AKA atheromas) build inside coronary ____________. This results from endothelial injury (i.e. high blood cholesterol, hyperglycemia, DM, HTN, obesity, high homocysteine, diet high in saturated fat).
Plaques, arteries
Atherosclerosis Stages:
1. __________ Streak
2. Fibrous ___________
3. ___________ plaques/occlusion
Fatty, plaques, advanced
T/F: Small densed HDL are easily oxidized.
F (small densed LDL are easily oxidized)
Oxidized LDL sticks to the endothelial lining of the ___________ and it accumulates.
arteries
In the 2st stage - _________ _____________ of atherosclerosis, white blood cells (WBCs) AKA ____________ are attracted to the sites of the fatty streak. They engulf the fatty material and form ____________ cells.
fatty streak, monocytes, foam
In the 2nd stage - ________ _________ , smooth ________ cells at the site proliferate and ____________ tissue forms, then the fatty streak turn into intermediate lesions and fibrous plaques.
fibrous plaques, muscle, connective
In the 3rd stage - advanced plaques/___________, the fibrous plaques harden and ________ causing _________ tissue to form.
occlusion, calcify, scar
In atherosclerosis, the blood flow in the arteries is very ___________. This could cause platelets to rupture and form a __________.
turbulent, clot
A clot in a coronary artery can cause a what?
A heart attack (myocardial infarction - MI)
A clot in an artery leading to the brain can cause what?
A stroke (ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack)
___________ is insufficient blood supply or oxygen delivery to some part of the body.
Ischemia
_____________ stroke is caused by a blood clot occluding an artery that supplies the brain.
Ischemic
~ _______% of strokes are ischemic strokes.
85
_______ ____________ __________ AKA “mini stroke”
Transient ischemic stroke (TIA)
__________ stroke occurs when a blood vessel to the brain ruptures.
Hemorrhagic
Hemorrhagic stroke is commonly cause by uncontrolled _______.
HTN (hypertension)
A person might have had a _______ if they had a brief episode of sx that are similar to a stroke, but the decrease in blood supply to the brain is just temporary.
TIA
A TIA usually lasts less than _____ mins.
5
What is a thrombus?
A blood clot
_______ is a clot that dislodges and travels to another part of the body.
Embolism
A _________ would cause ischemia.
thrombus/blood clot
Angina pectoris is chest __________ or _________. It’s caused by reduced _______ _______ to the heart.
pain, pressure, blood flow
Cardiac ____________ is an abnormal heart rate or rhythm.
arrhythmia
_________ is an abnormally slow heart rate of < ________ bpm.
Bradycardia, 60
___________ is an abnormally rapid heart rate of > ______ bpm.
Tachycardia, 100
Bradycardia could signal inadequate ___________ in nonathletes.
circulation
Prolonged tachycardia could signal problems with the ___________ activity of the heart.
electrical
_________ _____________ (Afib) and ____________ ____________ (Vfib) are the rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the heart (atria or ventricles).
Atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation
Afib or Vfib may lease to cardiac ___________.
arrest
Which is more serious, Afib or Vfib?
Vfib
__________ ___________ (MI) AKA “heart attack”.
Myocardial infarction
The standard fasting ___________ profile is the best/standard CVD assessment for assessing atherosclerosis risk.
lipoprotein
The standard fasting lipoprotein profile is a fasted blood draw for what 4 lipid particles?
- Total cholesterol
- LDL (LDL-C = TC - HDL - TG/5)
- HDL
- TG
T/F: Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia decrease risk for CVD.
F (increase risk)
____________ ____________ are molecules consisting of both lipid and protein portions.
Lipoprotein Particles
Apolipoproteins are the protein portions of ____________ particles.
lipoprotein
Lipoproteins are classified according to their __________.
density
Chylomicrons are synthesized in the enterocytes of the what?
small intestine (SI)
Chylomicrons carry dietary _______ to all of our cells.
fat
T/F: Chylomicrons have a very very low density lipoprotein because they’re mainly composed of triglycerides (~ 90% or more).
T
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes the triglyceride and chylomicrons so the __________ _________ ________ (FFAs) can enter the cells.
free fatty acids
_____________ ___________ are the residues of chylomicrons after they’ve unloaded their lipids to the cells.
Chylomicron remnants
Chylomicron remnants are taken up by the __________.
liver
Cholesterol and triglyceride we make/synthesize in the liver, is packaged into a _____________ particle called _______ ______ ___________ ________ (VLDLs).
lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins
________ carry the TG to the cells and LPL will hydrolyze the TG and allow the cells to take up the FFAs. They are then converted to ______ ______ ______________ (LDL).
VLDLs, low density lipoprotein
VLDL and LDL are synthesized in the _________.
liver
VLDL are converted to LDL when they’re mainly __________.
cholesterol
LDL AKA ________ ____________.
bad cholesterol
High levels of _________ are associated with atherosclerosis.
LDL
LDL becomes oxidized and creates _______ streaks and _________ walls.
fatty, artery
HDL is ________ density lipoprotein
high
HDL is synthesized in the _________ and __________ ___________.
liver, small intestine
HDL acts to remove _________ cholesterol and return it to the ______, where it can be reprocessed and extricated into bile salts.
LDL, liver
HDL AKA the ________ cholesterol.
good
T/F: High levels of HDL are associated with reduced risk of heart disease.
T
T/F: HDL is the most dense of the lipoproteins because it has the most protein.
T
DESIRABLE value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?
< 200
BORDERLINE HIGH value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?
200 - 239
HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?
Equal to or > 240
LDL of < 100 mg/dL is considered what?
Optimal
LDL of 100 - 129 mg/dL is considered what?
Near/above optimal
LDL of 130 - 159 mg/dL is considered what?
Borderline high risk
LDL of 160 - 189 mg/dL is considered what?
High risk
LDL of equal to or > 190 mg/dL is considered what?
Very high
What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered protective?
Equal to or > 60 mg/dL
What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered a risk factor?
Women: Equal to or < 40 mg/dL
Men: Equal to or < 50 mg/dL
T/F: Estrogen increases HDL cholesterol.
T
T/F: Moderate or high consumption of alcohol increases HDL cholesterol.
F (moderate or low)
TG < 150 mg/dL is considered what?
Normal
TG 150 - 199 mg/dL is considered what?
Borderline high
TG 200 - 499 mg/dL is considered what?
High
TG equal to or > 500 mg/dL is considered what? It’s also associated with increased risk of pancreatitis
Very high
Diets high in refined CHO will increase _____________ levels.
triglycerides
Excessive alcohol intake increases ____________ levels.
triglyceride
Apo-A1 is the primary ____________________ in HDL; reflect antiatherogenic (HDL) particles.
apolipoprotein
Apo-B is the primary ____________________ in LDL; indicated the number of potentially atherogenic LDL particles.
lipoprotein
C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of ________________.
inflammation
High serum CRP is associated with _____________ risk of MI and ___________.
increased, stroke
CRP of < 1.0 mg/L is the _______ risk for CVD.
lowest
CRP of > 3.0 mg/dL is the ____________ risk.
highest
