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NHM 365 > Module 6: CVD - Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Module 6: CVD - Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

T/F: CVD is the leading cause of death for men and women in the U.S.

A

T

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2
Q

Most CVD deaths result from _____________ __________ AKA heart attack.

A

myocardial infarction

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3
Q

Highest prevalence of heart attacks are seen in what race/ethnicity and gender?

A

African American men

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4
Q

CVD includes what interrelated disorders?

A

hypertension (HTN), coronary heart disease (CHD), atherosclerosis, cerebrovascular accident (CVA), heart failure, congenital heart disease, rheumatic heart disease

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5
Q

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is AKA what?

A

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) or Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)

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6
Q

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) is also referred to as what?

A

a stroke

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7
Q

Congenital means….

A

a person is born with it

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8
Q

Rheumatic Heart Disease is a _______ ________ damage that occurs after an episode of ___________ fever.

A

heart valve, rheumatic

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9
Q

T/F: Dietary cholesterol highly impacts blood cholesterol.

A

F

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10
Q

____________ fat affects cholesterol the most.

A

Saturated

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11
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To move blood around the body.

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12
Q

The heart is divided into 2 halves, which each half divided into 2 chambers:

A
  • Atrium (left & right)
  • ventricle (left & right)
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13
Q

_____________ pump blood out.

A

Ventricles

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14
Q

__________ receive blood back.

A

Atria

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15
Q

Blood is pumped from the RIGHT VENTRICLE to the lungs, and then it comes back to the LEFT ATRIUM.

This is what?

A

pulmonary circulation

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16
Q

Blood is pumped from the LEFT VENTRICLE to all the tissues of the body except the lungs, then it comes back to the RIGHT ATRIUM.

This is what?

A

systemic circulation

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17
Q

What vessels carry blood AWAY from the heart?

A

arteries

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18
Q

What vessels carry blood TO the heart?

A

veins

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19
Q

_____________ blood leaves the left ventricle and passes through ______________ circulation to deliver oxygen to all of our cells.

A

Oxygenated, systemic

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20
Q

_____________ blood is returned by _____________ circulation to the right atrium.

It passes to the ______ ventricle and then pumped through the lungs, where it gets rid of CO2 and picks up oxygen.

The oxygenated blood comes back from the ________ to the _______ atrium, passes to the left ventricle and is pumped out again to all the body’s tissues.

A

Deoxygenated, venous

right

lungs, left

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21
Q

Blood flow through the circuits depend on ________ _________.

A

blood pressure

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22
Q

_____________ is the progressive narrowing of the arterial tree. (Can affect any _________ in the body, including the ones in the heart, brain, arms, legs, and pelvis.) This can DECREASE blood flow.

A

Atherosclerosis, artery

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23
Q

___________ (AKA atheromas) build inside coronary ____________. This results from endothelial injury (i.e. high blood cholesterol, hyperglycemia, DM, HTN, obesity, high homocysteine, diet high in saturated fat).

A

Plaques, arteries

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24
Q

Atherosclerosis Stages:
1. __________ Streak
2. Fibrous ___________
3. ___________ plaques/occlusion

A

Fatty, plaques, advanced

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25
Q

T/F: Small densed HDL are easily oxidized.

A

F (small densed LDL are easily oxidized)

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26
Q

Oxidized LDL sticks to the endothelial lining of the ___________ and it accumulates.

A

arteries

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27
Q

In the 2st stage - _________ _____________ of atherosclerosis, white blood cells (WBCs) AKA ____________ are attracted to the sites of the fatty streak. They engulf the fatty material and form ____________ cells.

A

fatty streak, monocytes, foam

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28
Q

In the 2nd stage - ________ _________ , smooth ________ cells at the site proliferate and ____________ tissue forms, then the fatty streak turn into intermediate lesions and fibrous plaques.

A

fibrous plaques, muscle, connective

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29
Q

In the 3rd stage - advanced plaques/___________, the fibrous plaques harden and ________ causing _________ tissue to form.

A

occlusion, calcify, scar

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30
Q

In atherosclerosis, the blood flow in the arteries is very ___________. This could cause platelets to rupture and form a __________.

A

turbulent, clot

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31
Q

A clot in a coronary artery can cause a what?

A

A heart attack (myocardial infarction - MI)

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32
Q

A clot in an artery leading to the brain can cause what?

A

A stroke (ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack)

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33
Q

___________ is insufficient blood supply or oxygen delivery to some part of the body.

A

Ischemia

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34
Q

_____________ stroke is caused by a blood clot occluding an artery that supplies the brain.

A

Ischemic

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35
Q

~ _______% of strokes are ischemic strokes.

A

85

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36
Q

_______ ____________ __________ AKA “mini stroke”

A

Transient ischemic stroke (TIA)

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37
Q

__________ stroke occurs when a blood vessel to the brain ruptures.

A

Hemorrhagic

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38
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke is commonly cause by uncontrolled _______.

A

HTN (hypertension)

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39
Q

A person might have had a _______ if they had a brief episode of sx that are similar to a stroke, but the decrease in blood supply to the brain is just temporary.

A

TIA

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40
Q

A TIA usually lasts less than _____ mins.

A

5

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41
Q

What is a thrombus?

A

A blood clot

42
Q

_______ is a clot that dislodges and travels to another part of the body.

A

Embolism

43
Q

A _________ would cause ischemia.

A

thrombus/blood clot

44
Q

Angina pectoris is chest __________ or _________. It’s caused by reduced _______ _______ to the heart.

A

pain, pressure, blood flow

45
Q

Cardiac ____________ is an abnormal heart rate or rhythm.

A

arrhythmia

46
Q

_________ is an abnormally slow heart rate of < ________ bpm.

A

Bradycardia, 60

47
Q

___________ is an abnormally rapid heart rate of > ______ bpm.

A

Tachycardia, 100

48
Q

Bradycardia could signal inadequate ___________ in nonathletes.

A

circulation

49
Q

Prolonged tachycardia could signal problems with the ___________ activity of the heart.

A

electrical

50
Q

_________ _____________ (Afib) and ____________ ____________ (Vfib) are the rapid, uncoordinated contractions of the heart (atria or ventricles).

A

Atrial fibrillation, ventricular fibrillation

51
Q

Afib or Vfib may lease to cardiac ___________.

A

arrest

52
Q

Which is more serious, Afib or Vfib?

A

Vfib

53
Q

__________ ___________ (MI) AKA “heart attack”.

A

Myocardial infarction

54
Q

The standard fasting ___________ profile is the best/standard CVD assessment for assessing atherosclerosis risk.

A

lipoprotein

55
Q

The standard fasting lipoprotein profile is a fasted blood draw for what 4 lipid particles?

A
  • Total cholesterol
  • LDL (LDL-C = TC - HDL - TG/5)
  • HDL
  • TG
56
Q

T/F: Dyslipidemia and Hyperlipidemia decrease risk for CVD.

A

F (increase risk)

57
Q

____________ ____________ are molecules consisting of both lipid and protein portions.

A

Lipoprotein Particles

58
Q

Apolipoproteins are the protein portions of ____________ particles.

A

lipoprotein

59
Q

Lipoproteins are classified according to their __________.

A

density

60
Q

Chylomicrons are synthesized in the enterocytes of the what?

A

small intestine (SI)

61
Q

Chylomicrons carry dietary _______ to all of our cells.

A

fat

62
Q

T/F: Chylomicrons have a very very low density lipoprotein because they’re mainly composed of triglycerides (~ 90% or more).

A

T

63
Q

Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes the triglyceride and chylomicrons so the __________ _________ ________ (FFAs) can enter the cells.

A

free fatty acids

64
Q

_____________ ___________ are the residues of chylomicrons after they’ve unloaded their lipids to the cells.

A

Chylomicron remnants

65
Q

Chylomicron remnants are taken up by the __________.

A

liver

66
Q

Cholesterol and triglyceride we make/synthesize in the liver, is packaged into a _____________ particle called _______ ______ ___________ ________ (VLDLs).

A

lipoprotein, very low density lipoproteins

67
Q

________ carry the TG to the cells and LPL will hydrolyze the TG and allow the cells to take up the FFAs. They are then converted to ______ ______ ______________ (LDL).

A

VLDLs, low density lipoprotein

68
Q

VLDL and LDL are synthesized in the _________.

A

liver

69
Q

VLDL are converted to LDL when they’re mainly __________.

A

cholesterol

70
Q

LDL AKA ________ ____________.

A

bad cholesterol

71
Q

High levels of _________ are associated with atherosclerosis.

A

LDL

72
Q

LDL becomes oxidized and creates _______ streaks and _________ walls.

A

fatty, artery

73
Q

HDL is ________ density lipoprotein

A

high

74
Q

HDL is synthesized in the _________ and __________ ___________.

A

liver, small intestine

75
Q

HDL acts to remove _________ cholesterol and return it to the ______, where it can be reprocessed and extricated into bile salts.

A

LDL, liver

76
Q

HDL AKA the ________ cholesterol.

A

good

77
Q

T/F: High levels of HDL are associated with reduced risk of heart disease.

A

T

78
Q

T/F: HDL is the most dense of the lipoproteins because it has the most protein.

A

T

79
Q

DESIRABLE value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

A

< 200

80
Q

BORDERLINE HIGH value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

A

200 - 239

81
Q

HYPERCHOLESTEROLEMIA value for Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) is what?

A

Equal to or > 240

82
Q

LDL of < 100 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Optimal

83
Q

LDL of 100 - 129 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Near/above optimal

84
Q

LDL of 130 - 159 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Borderline high risk

85
Q

LDL of 160 - 189 mg/dL is considered what?

A

High risk

86
Q

LDL of equal to or > 190 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Very high

87
Q

What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered protective?

A

Equal to or > 60 mg/dL

88
Q

What level (mg/dL) of HDL is considered a risk factor?

A

Women: Equal to or < 40 mg/dL
Men: Equal to or < 50 mg/dL

89
Q

T/F: Estrogen increases HDL cholesterol.

A

T

90
Q

T/F: Moderate or high consumption of alcohol increases HDL cholesterol.

A

F (moderate or low)

91
Q

TG < 150 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Normal

92
Q

TG 150 - 199 mg/dL is considered what?

A

Borderline high

93
Q

TG 200 - 499 mg/dL is considered what?

A

High

94
Q

TG equal to or > 500 mg/dL is considered what? It’s also associated with increased risk of pancreatitis

A

Very high

95
Q

Diets high in refined CHO will increase _____________ levels.

A

triglycerides

96
Q

Excessive alcohol intake increases ____________ levels.

A

triglyceride

97
Q

Apo-A1 is the primary ____________________ in HDL; reflect antiatherogenic (HDL) particles.

A

apolipoprotein

98
Q

Apo-B is the primary ____________________ in LDL; indicated the number of potentially atherogenic LDL particles.

A

lipoprotein

99
Q

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a marker of ________________.

A

inflammation

100
Q

High serum CRP is associated with _____________ risk of MI and ___________.

A

increased, stroke

101
Q

CRP of < 1.0 mg/L is the _______ risk for CVD.

A

lowest

102
Q

CRP of > 3.0 mg/dL is the ____________ risk.

A

highest

NHM 365 (23 decks)

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