Module 7

Question 1

The process of bone formation ( Converting cartilage and connective tissue into bone in womb) is referred to as

Answer 1

Osteogenesis

Question 2

This type of ostification in which bone is laid directly over connective tissues

Answer 2

Intramembranous

Question 3

This type of ostification in which bone is built over an existing structure of cartilage

Answer 3

Endocondral

Question 4

What percentage of bone growth occurs prior to age 20

Answer 4

90%

Question 5

These are Anti-inflammatory medications that can decrease the body’s absorption of calcium

Answer 5

Glucocorticoids

Question 6

This disease is a secondary cause of osteoporosis

Answer 6

Chronic liver disease

Question 7

This disease inhibits the chemical process of hydroxylation which causes a vitamin D deficiency which causes hyperparathyroidism

Answer 7

Chronic kidney disease

Question 8

Genetic disorder that causes mucus build-up in multiple organs including the lungs and pancreas

Answer 8

Cystic fibrosis

Question 9

What are the most common fractures associated with cystic fibrosis

Answer 9

Rib and vertebral

Question 10

This is the disorder that causes children’s bones to become soft and weak

Answer 10

Rickets

Question 11

This is characterized by spikes in the body’s blood glucose levels due to inadequate production or response to insulin

Answer 11

Diabetes

Question 12

This type of diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin production in the pancreas

Answer 12

Type 1

Question 13

Which type of diabetes has a poor response and are not affected by the insulin that their bodies produce

Answer 13

Type 2

Question 14

Which gland controls growth hormones that simulate growth plate development in children

Answer 14

Pituitary

Question 15

This disorder leads to decreased body mass index and malnutrition this disease can decrease estrogen levels and cause amenorrhea in girls and stunted growth in boys

Answer 15

Anorexia nervosa

Question 16

This is an immune disorder that destroys the line of the GI track when gluten is consumed

Answer 16

Celiac disease

Question 17

What are the most common organs transplanted in pediatric patients (4 answers)

Answer 17

Lung heart liver and kidney

Question 18

This type of disease covers a large number or arthritic conditions they are auto immune disorders that cause inflammation response

Answer 18

Rheumatic disease

Question 19

This is a hereditary disorder that causes abnormal formation of the hemaglobin that carries oxygen throughout the body

Answer 19

Sickle cell disease

Question 20

Also called hyper cortisolism develops when the body produces too much of the hormone cortisol

Answer 20

Cushions syndrome

Question 21

This is a rare chromosome abnormality affecting males who are born with an extra X-chromosome

Answer 21

Klinefelter

Question 22

A rare chromosome abnormality affecting females who are born without one or part of 1 X-chromosome

Answer 22

Turner syndrome

Question 23

Also known as brittlebone disease is a group of uncommon conditions that are classified into 4 main subtypes

Answer 23

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Question 24

This type of osteogeneous imperfecta have deficiencies in growth experience loose joints and our short and stature

Answer 24

Type 1

Question 25

This type is the most serious form of osteogenous imperfecta fatal complications during and directly after birth

Answer 25

Type 2

Question 26

This type of osteogeneous imperfectoa presents multiple fractures at birth and have very weak bones, various bone malformations that get worse with age long bones and ribs are most often affected

Answer 26

Type 3

Question 27

This type of osteogenous imperfecta exhibits easily fractured bones, More common before puberty and experience malformations and fragile teeth

Answer 27

Type 4

Question 28

This is an inherited disorder that is often confused with osteogenous imperfecta however this disease weakens the bones in the same way as nutritional rickets

Answer 28

Hypophosphatasia

Question 29

One of the rarest forms of primary osteoporosis in pediatric patients, recessive gene mutation of the low density lipo protein receptor LRP5 gene, Causing extremely low bone mass

Answer 29

Osteoporosis pseudoglioma syndrome

Question 30

This is a rare form of primary pediatric osteoporosis that develops from unknown causes, It increases rates of bone reabsorption. Difficulties walking due to heel ankle and lower back pain

Answer 30

Idiopathic juvenile osteoporosis

Question 31

TBLH

Answer 31

Total body less head

Question 32

Currently why does the pediatric reference database that's most often used in United States come from

Answer 32

Bone mineral density in childhood study this study has DXA reference data over 2000 youths from ages 5 to 22

Question 33

What are the determining factors to diagnose a child with osteoporosis

Answer 33

Z score must be less than negative 2.0 and the patient must also have a history for a clinically significant fracture

Question 34

What does the ISCD define as a clinically significant fracture for peds

Answer 34

2 or more longbone fractures for a patient up to age 10 or 3 or more longbone fractures for a patient up to 19

Question 35

This is a description of the skeletal maturity of an individual

Answer 35

Bone age

Question 36

This Z score is considered normal

Answer 36

Value above negative 2.0

Question 37

What term should the report use if the Z score is negative 2.0 or lower

Answer 37

Low bone mineral mass or bone mineral density, the term osteoporosis should not be used unless the child also has a clinically significant fracture history

Question 38

What is mesenchymal tissue

Answer 38

Connective tissue

Question 39

What site is recommended for obtaining BMC and areal BMD in children and adolescents?

Answer 39

PA spine

Question 40

Which age group tends to be the most difficult to scan

Answer 40

Toddlers

Question 41

There are 3 regions for distal femur scans in the lateral position for children, what are they

Answer 41

1st region will contain cancellous bone from the metaphysis 2nd bridges metaphysis bone into diaphysis bone 3rd contains mostly cortical bone of diaphysis

Question 42

When scanning the lateral distal femur which ROI will contain more cancellous bone

Answer 42

1st

Question 43

What age group is referenced in the bone mineral density childhood study

Answer 43

5 to 22

Question 44

Approximately how many subjects were included in the BMDCS

Answer 44

2000

Question 45

If a pediatric patient has a vertebral crush fracture without any known trauma or disease processes they may be diagnosed with osteoporosis

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Disregarding special disease cases what is the normal minimum time between follow up scans

Answer 46

12 months