Module 12

Question 1

What percentage does genetic factors, gender, and ethnicity account for bone mass variation

Answer 1

75%

Question 2

What percentage do environmental factors account for bone mass variations

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

What are 3 foods that have vitamin D in them

Answer 3

Egg yolks, salt water fish, and liver

Question 4

Walking, climbing stairs, playing sports, performing household chores, and weight training are examples of what type of exercise

Answer 4

Weight bearing

Question 5

When did the 1st bone density scanners appear on the market

Answer 5

1970s

Question 6

BMD is based on a 2 dimensional area not a 3 dimensional volume which makes DXA a ________ technique

Answer 6

Projectional

Question 7

This is calculated by dividing the sum of the data values by the number of data values

Answer 7

Mean

Question 8

This is a measure of variability that indicates the spread of the data values around the mean

Answer 8

Standard deviation

Question 9

This allows comparison between datasets, whether or not they have the same mean

Answer 9

Percent coefficient of variation

Question 10

How do you calculate the percent coefficient of variation

Answer 10

The standard deviation is divided by the mean and the resulting value is multiplied by 100

Question 11

This is the 1st step of bone growth in which osteoclasts break down and remove old bone from the inner surface of the bone

Answer 11

Resorption (destructive)

Question 12

The 2nd part of bone growth in which osteoblasts create new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone

Answer 12

Formation (constructive)

Question 13

When resorption is balanced with equal formation

Answer 13

Bone mass is stable

Question 14

How often does the human body build a new skeletal system

Answer 14

7 years

Question 15

What are the key anatomy for DXA scans of the forearm

Answer 15

Radius, ulna, and carpal bones

Question 16

Large pointed process at the proximal end of the ulna

Answer 16

Olecranon

Question 17

This is a large concave depression on ulna which articulates with the humerus

Answer 17

Trochlear notch

Question 18

Below the trochlear notch on ulna, second pointed feature. Triangler in shape

Answer 18

Coronoid process

Question 19

This is found on the distant end of the ulna and is a rounded process

Answer 19

Ulnar head

Question 20

A narrow projection on the ulnar head

Answer 20

Ulnar styloid process

Question 21

This is a rough process just inferior to the radial neck on the medial side of the bone

Answer 21

Radial tuberosity

Question 22

This is a conical projection on the distal end lateral surfaceofradius

Answer 22

Radial styloid process

Question 23

These are landmarks for the for the forearm scan

Answer 23

Ulnar styloid process and radial end plate

Question 24

This must be visible on the forearm scan for accurate analysis

Answer 24

Joint between the radius in the carpal bones

Question 25

In the proximal row from lateral to medial list the carpal bones

Answer 25

Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform

Question 26

In the distal row from left to right list the carpel bones

Answer 26

Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Question 27

Largest bone in the proximal row of carpal bones

Answer 27

Scaphoid

Question 28

Easy to identify because of its Crescent shape

Answer 28

Lunate

Question 29

This bone articulates anterior with the hamate and is roughly pyramidal in shape

Answer 29

Triquetral

Question 30

Small pea shape bone

Answer 30

Pisiform

Question 31

This bone has a prominent hook shaped feature on the anterior surface

Answer 31

Hamate

Question 32

Most commonly fractured carpal bone

Answer 32

Scaphoid

Question 33

The carpal bones have what type of joints

Answer 33

Synovial gliding

Question 34

The ulna is used for this forearm measurement

Answer 34

33% or 1/3 site

Question 35

These are considered mid radial sites

Answer 35

33% and 50%

Question 36

This site is considered a distal site

Answer 36

10%

Question 37

This site is located either 4 or 5% of the ulna length

Answer 37

Ultradistal site

Question 38

Where is the preferred region of interest for a forearm DXA

Answer 38

33%

Question 39

What type of bone is the 33% region mainly comprised of

Answer 39

Cortical

Question 40

This site is known for low bone mineral density

Answer 40

Ultradistal

Question 41

Common site for Colles fracture

Answer 41

Ultradistal

Question 42

Which is the only site used for diagnosis

Answer 42

33%

Question 43

This type of bone is metabolic active found mainly in the spine

Answer 43

Trabecular

Question 44

Where can hyperparathyroidism be mainly detected

Answer 44

Distal forearm

Question 45

What percentage of BMC can be higher than on the non dominant side

Answer 45

6 to 9%

Question 46

What degree of flexion should the elbow have for scan

Answer 46

90 to 105 degree

Question 47

Bony external landmark of the forearm anatomy

Answer 47

Ulnar styloid process

Question 48

How many forearm scan sites should be measured for an accurate diagnosis

Answer 48

2

Question 49

What is a common patient related challenge in forearm scanning

Answer 49

Kyphosis

Question 50

What patient condition can result in poor bone edge detection

Answer 50

Low bone mineral density