Module 12 Flashcards
What percentage does genetic factors, gender, and ethnicity account for bone mass variation
75%
What percentage do environmental factors account for bone mass variations
25%
What are 3 foods that have vitamin D in them
Egg yolks, salt water fish, and liver
Walking, climbing stairs, playing sports, performing household chores, and weight training are examples of what type of exercise
Weight bearing
When did the 1st bone density scanners appear on the market
1970s
BMD is based on a 2 dimensional area not a 3 dimensional volume which makes DXA a ________ technique
Projectional
This is calculated by dividing the sum of the data values by the number of data values
Mean
This is a measure of variability that indicates the spread of the data values around the mean
Standard deviation
This allows comparison between datasets, whether or not they have the same mean
Percent coefficient of variation
How do you calculate the percent coefficient of variation
The standard deviation is divided by the mean and the resulting value is multiplied by 100
This is the 1st step of bone growth in which osteoclasts break down and remove old bone from the inner surface of the bone
Resorption (destructive)
The 2nd part of bone growth in which osteoblasts create new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone
Formation (constructive)
When resorption is balanced with equal formation
Bone mass is stable
How often does the human body build a new skeletal system
7 years
What are the key anatomy for DXA scans of the forearm
Radius, ulna, and carpal bones
Large pointed process at the proximal end of the ulna
Olecranon
This is a large concave depression on ulna which articulates with the humerus
Trochlear notch
Below the trochlear notch on ulna, second pointed feature. Triangler in shape
Coronoid process
This is found on the distant end of the ulna and is a rounded process
Ulnar head
A narrow projection on the ulnar head
Ulnar styloid process
This is a rough process just inferior to the radial neck on the medial side of the bone
Radial tuberosity
This is a conical projection on the distal end lateral surfaceofradius
Radial styloid process
These are landmarks for the for the forearm scan
Ulnar styloid process and radial end plate
This must be visible on the forearm scan for accurate analysis
Joint between the radius in the carpal bones
In the proximal row from lateral to medial list the carpal bones
Scaphoid, lunate, triquetral, pisiform
In the distal row from left to right list the carpel bones
Trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate
Largest bone in the proximal row of carpal bones
Scaphoid
Easy to identify because of its Crescent shape
Lunate
This bone articulates anterior with the hamate and is roughly pyramidal in shape
Triquetral
Small pea shape bone
Pisiform
This bone has a prominent hook shaped feature on the anterior surface
Hamate
Most commonly fractured carpal bone
Scaphoid
The carpal bones have what type of joints
Synovial gliding
The ulna is used for this forearm measurement
33% or 1/3 site
These are considered mid radial sites
33% and 50%
This site is considered a distal site
10%
This site is located either 4 or 5% of the ulna length
Ultradistal site
Where is the preferred region of interest for a forearm DXA
33%
What type of bone is the 33% region mainly comprised of
Cortical
This site is known for low bone mineral density
Ultradistal
Common site for Colles fracture
Ultradistal
Which is the only site used for diagnosis
33%
This type of bone is metabolic active found mainly in the spine
Trabecular
Where can hyperparathyroidism be mainly detected
Distal forearm
What percentage of BMC can be higher than on the non dominant side
6 to 9%
What degree of flexion should the elbow have for scan
90 to 105 degree
Bony external landmark of the forearm anatomy
Ulnar styloid process
How many forearm scan sites should be measured for an accurate diagnosis
2
What is a common patient related challenge in forearm scanning
Kyphosis
What patient condition can result in poor bone edge detection
Low bone mineral density
