Module 5 - Vocabulary Flashcards
Absorption
Passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream
Amino acids
Small building blocks of proteins (links in chain), released when proteins are digested
Amylase
Enzymes (-ase) secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch (amyl/o)
Anus
Terminal end of opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
Appendix
Blind pouch hanging from the cecum (in the right lower quadrant). Literally means hanging (pend/o) onto (ap-, which is a form of ad-)
Bile
Digestive juice made in liver and stored in gallbladder. It breaks up (emulsifies) large fat globules. Bile originally was called gall. It is composed of bile pigments (coloured materials), cholesterol, and bile salts
Bilirubin
Pigment released by the liver in bile
Bowel
Intestine
Canine teeth
Pointed, dog-like teeth next to the incisors. Aka cuspids or eyeteeth
Cecum
First part of large intestine
Colon
Portion of the large intestine consisting of the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
Common bile duct
Carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum. Aka choledochus
Defecation
Elimination of feces Fromm the digestive tract through the anus
Deglutition
Swallowing
Dentin
Primary material found in teeth. It’s covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
Digestion
Breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
Duodenum
First part of the small intestine
Duo=2
Den=10
It is 12 inches long
Elimination
Act of removal of materials from the body; in the digestive system, the removal of indigestible materials as feces
Emulsification
Physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thereby increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest fat
Enamel
Hard, outermost layer of tooth
Enzyme
Chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances. Digestive enzymes break down complex foods to simpler substances.
Esophagus
Tube connecting the throat to the stomach
Fatty acids
Substances produced when fats are digested. Fatty acids are a category of lipids
Feces
Solid waste
Gallbladder
Small sac under the liver; stores bile
Glucose
Simple sugar
Glycogen
Starch; glucose is stored in form of glycogen in liver cells
Hydrochloric scud
Substance produced in the stomach; necessary for digestion in foods
Ileum
Third part of small intestine.
Incisor
Any one of four front teeth in dental arch
Insulin
Hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas. It transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
Jejunum
Second part of the small intestine.
Lipase
Pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
Liver
Large organ located in RUQ of abdomen. Secretes bile; stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn-out red blood cells; and fills out toxins.
Lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
Ring of muscles between the esophagus and the stomach
Aka cardiac sphincter
Mastication
Chewing
Nomad teeth
Sixth, seventh, and eighth teeth from middle on either side of dental arch. Premolar teeth are fourth and fifth teeth, before molars
Palate
Roof of mouth. Hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate and is supported by the upper jawbone. The soft palate is the posterior fleshy part between the mouth and the throat
Pancreas
Organ behind the stomach; produces insulin (for transport of sugar into cells) and enzymes (for digestion of foods)
Papillae
Small projections in the tongue. Nipple like elevation
Parotid gland
Salivary gland within the cheek, just anterior to the ear
Peristalsis
Involuntary, rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs. Moves the contents through at different rates in gastrointestinal tract
Pharynx
Throat, common passageway from food from mouth and air from nose
Portal vein
Large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
Protease
Enzyme that digests protein
Pulp
Soft tissue within a tooth, containing blood vessels and nerves
Pyloric sphincter
Ring of muscles at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum. Normal closed, but opens when wave of peristalsis passes over it
Pylorus
Distal region of the stomach, opening to the duodenum
Rectum
Last section of the large intestine, connecting the end of the colon and the anus
Rugae
Ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
Saliva
Digestive juice produced by salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme amylase, which begins the digestion of starch to sugar
Salivary glands
Parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
Sigmoid colon
Fourth and last, S-shapes segment of the colon, just before the rectum; empties into the rectum
Sphincter
Circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
Stomach
Muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus. The stomachs parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)
Triglycerides
Fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol. Triglycerides (fats) are a subgroup of lipids. Another type is cholesterol
Uvula
Soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate.
Villi
Microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
