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Medical Terms > Module 5 - Digestive System > Flashcards

Module 5 - Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

What are the four functions of the digestive system?

A

Ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

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2
Q

What is ingestion?

A

Food enters mouth

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3
Q

What is process of digestion?

A

Food is broken down mechanically and chemically. Digestive enzymes speed up chemical reactions. Occurs in mouth, stomach, and small intestines

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4
Q

How are complex proteins, complicated sugars, and large fat/lipid molecules are digested?

A

Complex proteins = break down into simpler proteins
Complicated sugars = break down into simpler sugars (glucose)
Large fat/lipid molecules = break down to simpler substances (fatty acids and triglycerides)

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5
Q

What is the process of absorption?

A

Nutrients from digested food pass through lining cells or epithelium of small intestine and into bloodstream. Nutrients then travel to cells of the body. Cells break down nutrients in presence of oxygen to release energy.

Use Amino acids nutrients to build up large protein molecules needed for growth and development.

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6
Q

What is the process of elimination?

A

Solid waste materials that can’t be absorbed into blood stream. Large intestine concentrates solid wastes (feces) and waste passes out of body through anus

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7
Q

What are the parts of the oral cavity?

A

Cheeks. Lips. Hard and soft palate. Uvula. Tongue. Papillae. Tonsils. Gums. Tooth. Salivary glands (3 pairs).

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8
Q

Explain the salivary glands in the oral cavity.

A

Surround and empty into mouth. Exocrine glands produce Saliva and lubricates mouth. Saliva contains enzymes that help break down food, and have healing growth factors. It is released from ‘parotid gland’ , ‘submandibular gland’ , and ‘sublingual gland’ in both sides of mouth. Narrow ducts carry saliva into oral cavity.

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9
Q

What are the parts of the tooth, and their functions?

A

Crown - shows above gum line
Root - lies within bony tooth socket
Enamel - outmost layer of crown. Protects tooth and is hardest tissue of the body
Dentin - main substance of tooth. Lies beneath enamel and extends throughout crown
Cementum - covers, protects, and supports dentin in root
Periodontal membrane - surrounds cementum and holds tooth in place in socket

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10
Q

Explain the ‘pulp’ of the tooth

A

Underneath dentin, filling centre of tooth. Blood vessels, nerve endings, connective tissue, and lymphatic vessels are with pulp canal (aka root canal)

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11
Q

What are the tonsils, and their function?

A

Masses of lymphatic tissue located in depressions of mucous membranes. Lie on both sides of oropharynx (part of throat near mouth).
They filter to protect from invasion of microorganisms, and produce lymphocytes (disease-fighting WBC)

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12
Q

Where is the tongue, and what’s it’s purpose?

A

Extends across floor of oral cavity, and muscles attach it to lower jawbone.
It moved food during ‘mastication’ (chewing), and ‘deglution’ (swallowing)

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13
Q

What are papilla, and their purpose?

A

Small raised areas on tongue that contain taste buds that are sensitive to chemical nature of foods, and allow discrimination of different tastes as foods move across tongue

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14
Q

Where are cheeks and the lips?

A

Cheeks - form walls of oval-shaped oral cavity

Lips - surround opening to cavity

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15
Q

Where are the hard and soft palate?

A

Hard - forms anterior portion of roof of mouth

Soft - is muscular, and lies posterior to hard palate

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16
Q

What are ‘Rugae’?

A

Irregular ridges in mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of hard palate

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17
Q

What is the uvula?

A

A small soft tissue projection that hangs from soft palate. Helps in production of sounds and speech

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18
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

Muscular tube lined with a mucous membrane.

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19
Q

What is the pharynx’s job?

A

Serves as a passageway for air travelling from nose to windpipe, and for food travelling from oral cavity to esophagus.

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20
Q

In the pharynx, what happens during deglutition (swallowing)?

A

Epiglottis- Cartilaginous flab of tissue that covers teaches so food can’t enter and lodge there

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21
Q

What is the esophagus?

A

Food pipe. Muscular tube extending from pharynx to stomach.

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22
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

Involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in wall of esophagus (and other gastrointestinal organs) propelling a bolus (mass of food) down toward stomach

23
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the stomach?

A

Fundus (upper portion)
Body (middle section)
Antrum (lower portion)

24
Q

What are sphincters, and their functions?

A

Rings of muscle they control the openings into and leading out of the stomach. It prevents food from regurgitating

25
Q

What does the Lower Esophageal Sphincter do?

A

It relaxes and contracts to move food down to the stomach

26
Q

What does the Pyloric Sphincter do?

A

Allows food to leave stomach and enter the small intestine when it’s ready.

27
Q

What are the rugae in the stomach for?

A

Folds in mucous membrane (mucosa) lining the stomach. The rugae increase surface area for digestion and contain glands that produce the enzyme ‘pepsin’ to begin digestion of proteins

28
Q

Hydrochloric acid is also secreted to….

A

Digest protein and kill and bacteria

29
Q

What is chyme?

A

Semi-solid material in stomach

30
Q

Small intestine (small bowel) extends from pyloric sphincter to first part of large intestine. What are the 3 parts of it?

A

Duodenum. Jejunum. Ileum

31
Q

What does the duodenum do?

A

1ft long. Receives food from stomach as well as bile from liver and gallbladder, and pancreatic juice from pancreas. Enzymes and bile help digest food before it enters 2nd part.

32
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

8ft long and connected to the ileum

33
Q

What is the ileum?

A

11ft long, attached to the first part of the large intestine

34
Q

What are ‘villi’ ?

A

Microscopic projections that line walls of the small intestine. They absorb digested nutrients into bloodstream and lymph vessels

35
Q

Large intestine (large bowel) extends from end of ileum to the anus. What are the 3 main parts of it?

A

Cecum. Colon. Rectum

36
Q

What is the cecum?

A

A pouch on the right side that connects to the ileum.

The appendix hangs from cecum. (Appendix not clear function but can get inflamed or infected when clogged or blocked)

37
Q

What is the colon?

A

5ft long and has four segments: ascending, descending, transverse, and sigmoid

38
Q

Where is the ascending colon?

A

Extends from cecum to the undersurface of the liver, where it turns to the left to become the transverse colon

39
Q

Where is the transverse colon?

A

Passes horizontally to the left, toward the spleen, and then turns downward into the descending colon

40
Q

Where is the sigmoid colon?

A

Behind at the distal end of the descending colon and leads into the rectum

41
Q

Where is the rectum?

A

Lower opening of gastrointestinal tract, the anus

42
Q

The large intestine receives fluid waste products of digestion and stores these wastes until they can be released from the body. What does the body release?

A

Since the large intestine absorbs most of the water within the waste material, the body expels solid feces

43
Q

What is defecation?

A

The expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus

44
Q

Where is the liver?

A

Located in right upper quadrant of the abdomen. It produces a thick, orange-black, sometimes greenish, fluid called bile

45
Q

What does bile contain?

A

Contains cholesterol, bile acids, and several bile pigments. One pigment called, bilirubin

46
Q

What is the bilirubin?

A

It’s produced from the breakdown of hemoglobin during normal red blood cell destruction.
It travels via the bloodstream to the liver, where it’s then conjugated or converted into a water-soluble form.

47
Q

Where does conjugated bilirubin then go?

A

It’s added to a bile and enters the intestine (duodenum).
Bacteria in the colon degrade bilirubin into a variety of pigments that give feces brown colour. Both bilirubin and bile exit body

48
Q

As lived continuously releases bile, where does it travel?

A

It travels through the hepatic duct then to the cystic duct. Cystic duct then leads to the gallbladder

49
Q

What is the gallbladder?

A

A pear-shaped sac under the liver, which stores and concentrated the bile for later use.
In response to presence of food in stomach and duodenum, gallbladder contracts, forcing the bile out the cystic duct into the ‘homonym bile duct’

50
Q

Pancreas secretes pancreatic juices (enzymes) that are released into the pancreatic duct, which joins with common bile duct just as it enters the duodenum. Duodenum then receives mixture of bile and pancreatic juices

A

Just some notes

51
Q

What is the process of emulsification?

A

Bile breaks apart large fat globules, creating more surface area so that enzymes from pancreas can digest the fats.
Without bile, most of the day taken into body remains undigested

52
Q

What are the livers functions?

A 
Producing bile 
Maintaining a normal glucose level 
Manufacturing blood proteins, particularly those necessary for blood clotting 
Releasing bilirubin
Removing poisons (toxin) from the blood
53
Q

What does the portal vein do?

A

Brings blood to the liver from intestines. Nutrients from digested foods pass into portal vein directly after being absorbed into capillaries of the small intestine, this giving the liver first chance to use nutrients

54
Q

Pancreas is both exocrine and endocrine. What are the functions of each one?

A

As exocrine, it produces enzymes to digest starch, digest fat (like lipase) and good digest proteins. Those pass into duodenum through the pancreatic duct

As endocrine, pancreas secretes insulin, which helps release sugar from the blood and acts as a Carrier to bring glucose into cells of the body to be used for energy

Medical Terms (17 decks)

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