module 5 - 18.1 glycolysis & 18.2 linking glycolysis and the Krebs cycle Flashcards

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1
Q

what do cells require energy for?

A
  • synthesis of molecule
  • transport of molecules or ions
  • cellular movement
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2
Q

what is ATP?

A

the intermediary between energy-yielding and energy-requiring cellular reactions

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3
Q

what is MRS NERG?

A

M - movement
R - respiration
S - secretion
N - nutrition
E - excretion
R - reproduction
G - growth

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4
Q

what is respiration?

A

making ATP from glucose

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5
Q

how des ATP function as the universal energy currency?

A
  • energy is required to break bonds
  • energy is released when bonds are broken
  • ATP + H2O ⇌ ADP + Pi
  • living cells maintain the ratio of ATP to ADP with conc. five-fold higher than conc. of ADP
  • phosphate to phosphate bonds are high energy bonds
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6
Q

what is released from ATP + H2O ⇌ ADP + Pi?

A

30.6kJmol-1

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7
Q

what is PI?

A

an inorganic phosphate

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8
Q

what is glucose?

A

a respiratory substrate

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9
Q

where does glucose have energy stored?

A

in its carbon to carbon and carbon to hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

how is the energy from glucose transferred to ATP?

A

by cellular respiration

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11
Q

what is chemiosmosis?

A

when glucose molecules are broken down in stages and the released energy is used to convert ADP and Pi to ATP

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12
Q

what is cellular respiration?

A

a multi-step and multi-stage process and each reaction is controlled by an enzyme

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13
Q

what is aerobic respiration?

A

with free oxygen

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14
Q

what is glycolysis and where does glycolysis occur?

A
  • first stage of cellular respiration
  • cytoplasm (mitochondria not involved)
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15
Q

what happens during glycolysis?

A
  1. 2 ATPs are consumed to phosphorylate glucose into hexose bisphosphate
  2. hexose bisphosphate is split into 2 molecules of triose phosphate
  3. each triose phosphate has a phosphate added to it using Pi from cytoplasm to make triose bisphosphate
    4a) the 2 triose bisphosphates are oxidised by removal of hydrogen (dehydrogenation) and forms 2 pyruvate. hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD to form reduced NAD
    4b) the 2 triose bisphosphate molecules have their phosphate groups removed, they’re used to reform ATP from ADP (substrate level phosphorylation)
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16
Q

what is the net production of ATP molecules for every glucose?

A

2 ATP molecules which isnt enough so cant survive on anaerobic respiration alone

17
Q

what do phosphates do?

A

lower the activation energy

18
Q

which has a lower activation energy: triose bisphosphate or glucose?

A

triose bisphosphate

19
Q

what happens in the matrix?

A

contains enzymes for the Krebs cycle and the link reaction
- also contains mitochondrial DNA

20
Q

what happens in the outer mitochondrial membrane?

A

separates contents of mitochondrion from the rest of the cell, creating cellular compartment with ideal conditions for aerobic respiration

21
Q

what happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

contains elctron transport chains and ATP synthase

22
Q

what are cristae?

A

projections of the inner membrane which increase the surface area available for oxidative phosphorylation

23
Q

what is the intermembrane space?

A

proteins are pumped into this by electron transport chain
- small space to conc. builds up quickly

24
Q

why is the membrane of the mitochondria folded?

A
  • larger SA
  • packs more enzymes
25
Q

what is a link reaction?

A

links glycolysis to krebs cycle

26
Q

what happens during the link reaction/oxidative decarboxylation?

A
  1. pyruvate pumped into matrix by carrier proteins
  2. pyruvate is put through oxidative decarboxylation
  3. carbon dioxide is removed by oxidation reaction
  4. hydrogen atoms are accepted by NAD to produce reduced NAD (reduction)
  5. this produced a 2-carbon group tat gets bound to coenzyme A to produce acetyl CoA
27
Q

how is ATP used to help pyruvate?

A

ATP is used to pump pyruvate against a concentration gradient from cytoplasm so has carrier proteins in mitochondrial membrane