module 3 - 8.5 the heart Flashcards

1
Q

what is the heart?

A

a muscular organ that pumps blood through the circulatory system by increasing blood pressure relative to lowest blood pressure in blood vessels - difference in pressure causes blood to flow

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2
Q

what 3 layers is the wall of the heart made up of?

A
  • epicardium - outer layer of the heart wall and inner pericardial membrane
  • myocardium - cardiac muscle
  • endocardium - lines the chambers and covers the heart valves, joins with endothelium that lines blood vessels
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3
Q

what is the heart enclosed by and why?

A
  • enclosed by pericardium for protection of the heart
  • fluid between inner and outer pericardial membranes lubricates movement of the heart
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4
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

double walled sac for protection of the heart

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5
Q

why does blood not separate when pumped?

A

due to hydrogen bonds between water molecules in blood

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6
Q

where is the heart beat initiated?

A

right atrium

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7
Q

where does the tricuspid valve prevent backflow of blood?

A

from right ventricle to right atrium

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8
Q

which pressure increases during ventricular systole in a mammalian heart?

A

ventricular pressure

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9
Q

when listening to the heart on a stethoscope, what contributes to the first ‘lub’ sound?

A

closing of the bicuspid valve

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10
Q

when listening to the heart on a stethoscope, what contributes to the second ‘dub’ sound?

A

closing of semi lunar valves

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of vertebrate muscle?

A

skeletal , cardiac, smooth

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12
Q

what are cadriac muscles made from?

A

cardiomyoctyes joined together by intercalated discs

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13
Q

why do cardiomyocytes need to contract in coordination with its neighboring cells?

A

to efficiently pump blood from the heart, if this coordination breaks down, the heart may not pump blood

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14
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

a type of cell junction/cytoplasm bridge

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15
Q

what do intercalated discs allow?

A

allows cardiomyocytes to contract in coordinated manner

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16
Q

what are the 4 valves in the heart?

A

bicuspid
tricuspid
pulmonary
aortic

17
Q

what are the main pumping chambers?

A

ventricles

18
Q

what is the flow of blood and blood type on the right side of the heart?

A
  • deoxygenated blood
  • travels to lungs from the rest of the body
19
Q

what is the blood flow and blood type on the left side of the heart?

A
  • oxygenated blood
  • travels from lungs to the rest of the body
20
Q

what is the role of cardiac fat around the heart?

A
  • food supply
  • protection
21
Q

what are papillary muscles?

A

they prevent heart valves from folding too far back during heart contraction

22
Q

what are chordae tendineae?

A

connect papillary muscles to the cusps of atrio-ventricular valves

23
Q

what are trabeculae carneae/’meaty ridges’?

A

rough lining of inside of ventricles, help papillary muscles to prevent folding of atrio-ventricular valves
- keep heart strings tight

24
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

a double-walled sac containing the heart and roots of the great vessels

25
what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?
- fibrous pericardium - outer layer made of strong connective tissue, mostly fixed shape - serious pericardium - inner layer made of serous membrane, smooth to allow sliding motion
26
what does the pericardium do?
encloses pericardial cavity which contains pericardial fluid
27
what does pericardial fluid do?
heart movements