module 5 - 17.3 photosynthesis (1) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is photosynthesis?

A

the process by which the Sun’s energy is used to synthesise organic molecules from 2 small inorganic molecules: carbon dioxide and water

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2
Q

what happens to light energy?

A

it is transferred to chemical energy stored in organic molecules such as glucose

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3
Q

what does it mean if an organism is autotrophic?

A

organisms that photosynthesise

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4
Q

what does it mean if an organism is heterotrophic?

A

organisms obtain organic molecules by eating autotrophs or heterotrophs

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5
Q

what do both autotrophs and heterotrophs use in respiration?

A

both use organic molecules such as glucose, as respiratory substrates to synthesise ATP from ADP and Pi by respiration

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6
Q

what are the adaptations, for photosynthesis, for a dicotyledonous leaf?

A
  • large SA in chloroplasts
  • flattened sacs called thylakoids (SA)
  • short diffusion distance
  • stomata
  • vascular bundle
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7
Q

why are the apical surfaces of the upper and lower mesophyll moist?

A

for gas exchange

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8
Q

why do the lower or spongy mesophyll have air spaces?

A

to maintain concentration gradient and maintain bulk flow of the leaf

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9
Q

why is the cuticle transparent?

A

to allow light to get through for photosynthesis

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10
Q

why is the upper epidermis this and have no chloroplasts?

A

so light can get all the way through, no photosynthesis

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11
Q

how many membranes does a chloroplast have?

A

2 + thylakoids = 3 membranes

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12
Q

what are thylakoid membranes?

A

flattened sacs

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13
Q

what are grana?

A

stacked thylakoids

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14
Q

what are lanellae?

A

membranous channels

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15
Q

what is the stroma?

A

aqueous solution membrane

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16
Q

where are chlorophyll molecules located in a chloroplast?

A

embedded in thylakoid membrane

17
Q

how is a large surface area of thylakoid membranes achieved in a chloroplast?

A

folded and flattened

18
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments red, blue and green show?

A

red - long wavelength of visible light spectrum
green - middle length wavelength of visible light spectrum
blue - short wavelength of visible light spectrum

19
Q

what are photosynthetic pigments?

A

coloured molecules that absorb and reflect different wavelengths or colours of visible light

20
Q

what do photosynthetic pigments transfer?

A

light energy into chemical energy with high energy electrons

21
Q

what is chlorophyll A?

A

the primary photosynthetic pigment and absorbs red and blue light or reflects blue/green

22
Q

what are the 3 secondary photosynthetic pigments?

A

chlorophyll b - reflects yellow green
xanthophyll - reflects yellow
carotene - reflects orange

23
Q

what is a photosystem?

A

functional unit in the thylakoid membranes that absorb light energy and transfer the energy to electrons to make high energy electrons

24
Q

what are the 2 components of photosystems?

A
  • antennae complex
  • reaction centre
25
Q

what is the antennae complex?

A
  • contains secondary photosynthetic pigments bound to proteins or bound to chlorophyll a/b binding to a protein
  • these pigments harvest light energy in the form of high energy electrons and amplify energy until it reaches reaction centre
26
Q

what is the reaction centre?

A

contains chlorophyll a molecules nound to chlorophyll a/b binding protein, embedded in thylakoid membrane