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Hematology 1 [LEC] > MODULE 4 UNIT 1 > Flashcards

MODULE 4 UNIT 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Measurement of the Hematocrit may be done by the process of centrifugation with (?), or as the product of the mean corpuscular volume (MCV) multiplied by the RBC count (HCT% = [RBC × MCV] ÷ 10) indirectly in automated instruments.

A

macromethods or micromethods

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2
Q

In some instances, swelling of erythrocytes between (?) may raise Hematocrit and MCV when blood is kept at room temperature.

A

6 and 24 hours

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3
Q

However, for (?) cell counts and RBC indices are stable.

A

24 hours at 4° C

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4
Q

The number of inversions required to achieve (?) of a specimen depends on the dimensions of the container.

A

homogeneity

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5
Q

Standard 10–14 × 75-mm tubes, containing 5 mL of blood and an air bubble that constitutes at least (?) of the tube volume, require at least eight inversions.

A

20%

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6
Q

The (?) agrees closely with the Hematocrit obtained from a skin puncture; both are greater than the total body Hematocrit.

A

venous Hematocrit

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7
Q

The hematocrit is often referred to as the (?) , it is the volume of packed red blood cells that occupies a given volume of whole blood.

A

packed cell volume (PCV)

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8
Q

The manner of reporting the hematocrit is either as a (?).

A

percentage or in liters per liter

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9
Q

A thick-walled 11.5cm glass tube (?) is used for both ESR and Hematocrit determination with a uniform 3mm internal bore and a flattened bottom but is no longer used.

A

Wintrobe

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10
Q

Speed of Centrifugation in Macromethod:

A

2000 - 2300g for 30 minutes

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11
Q

Double Oxalate

A

Wintrobe and Landsberg

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12
Q

Sodium Oxalate

A

Van Allen
Haden
Sanford-Magath

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13
Q

Heparin

A

Bray

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14
Q

A (?) will be filled by a capillary punctured free-flowing blood or a wellmixed venous sample.

A

microhematocrit tube

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15
Q

Speed of Centrifugation in Micromethod:

A

10,000 - 15,000 for 5 minutes

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16
Q

Capillary tube in Micromethod:

A

Heparinized Capillary tube

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17
Q

Length in Micromethod:

A

7-7.5cm/ 70-75mm

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18
Q

Bore in Micromethod:

A

1mm/1.2mm

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19
Q

• at least (?) of the capillary tube should be filled.

A

5 cm

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20
Q

• The empty end of the capillary tube is sealed with (?).

A

modeling clay

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21
Q

• The filled tube is placed in the (?) of the microhematocrit centrifuge head with the sealed end away from the center.

A

radial grooves

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22
Q

Take note that additional (?) should be done if the Hematocrit exceeds 50%. This is to ensure less or minimal plasma trapping.

A

5 minutes centrifugation

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23
Q

: amount of plasma that still remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has been spun.

A

Trapped plasma

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24
Q

(?) is observed in patients with macrocytic anemias, Spherocytosis, Thalassemia, Hypochromic anemia and Sickle cell anemia.

A

Increase trapped plasma

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25
Q

accounts for about (?) of the red cell column in normal blood (about 0.014 in a Hematocrit of 0.47), slightly more in macrocytic anemia, spherocytosis, and hypochromic anemia (Dacie, 1991).

A

1%–3%

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26
Q

Greater amounts of trapped plasma are noted in the (?) of patients with sickle cell anemia; these may vary depending on the degree of sickling and consequent rigidity of the cells.

A

Hematocrits

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27
Q

In using the (?) as a reference method for calibrating automated instruments, correction for trapped plasma is recommended

A

microhematocrit

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28
Q

(?) is performed by centrifugation. Inspection of the specimen after spinning may furnish valuable information. The relative heights of the red cell column, buffy coat, and plasma column should be noted.

A

Hematocrit determination

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29
Q

The (?) is the red-gray layer between the red cells and the plasma; This is the layer that includes platelets and leukocytes.

A

buffy coat

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30
Q

An increase in (?) is suspected in orange or green color of the plasma, and pink or red suggests hemoglobinemia

A

bilirubin

31
Q

Poor technique in collecting the blood specimen is the most frequent cause of (?).

A

hemolysis

32
Q

Delayed specimen and/or are not obtained within an hour or two after a fat-rich meal, a cloudy plasma may point to nephrosis or certain abnormal hyperglobulinemia, especially (?).

A

cryoglobulinemia

33
Q

Typical reference/normal values:
➢ At birth: (?)

A

0.45-0.60

34
Q

Typical reference/normal values:
➢ for adult males are (?)

A

0.41–0.51

35
Q

Typical reference/normal values:
➢ females: (?)

A

0.36–0.45

36
Q

A value below an individual’s normal value or below the reference interval for age and sex indicates (1), and a higher value, (2).

A
  1. anemia
  2. polycythemia
37
Q

The Hematocrit reflects the (?) and not the total red cell mass.

A
38
Q

• Slight decrease is noted among individual with (?) of age and above.

A

50 years

39
Q

• (?) is decrease among individual with Anemia

A

Hematocrit/ Packed Red Cell Volume

40
Q

• Increase level of Hematocrit/Packed Red Cell Volume is noted among individual with (?)

A

Polycythemia

41
Q

Hematocrit is low in hydremia of (?), but the total number of circulating red cells is not reduced.

A

pregnancy

42
Q

(?) may also be normal or even high in shock accompanied by hemoconcentration, although the total red cell mass may be decreased considerably owing to blood loss.

A

HCT

43
Q

• after loss of blood or immediately following transfusion maybe (?) as an estimate of anemia.

A

unreliable

44
Q

3 Sources of Error:

A

Centrifugation
Sample
Other Errors

45
Q

Adequate duration and speed of (?) are essential for a correct Hematocrit.

A

centrifugation

46
Q

The red cells must be (?) so that additional centrifugation does not further reduce the packed cell volume.

A

packed

47
Q

In the course of centrifugation, small proportions of the (?) are trapped between the red cells.

A

leukocytes, platelets, and plasma

48
Q

The (?) resulting from the former is, as a rule, quite insignificant.

A

error

49
Q

The (?) is larger in high Hematocrits than in low Hematocrits.

A

amount of trapped plasma

50
Q

(?) can cause the same order of changes in Hematocrit and cell concentrations as they do in nonfilterable soluble constituents.

A

Posture, muscular activity, and prolonged tourniquet-stasis

51
Q

However, excessive or inadequate concentration of (?) may cause erroneous interpretation of result.

A

anticoagulant

52
Q

Technical errors include failure to mix the blood adequately before sampling, improper reading of the levels of cells and plasma, and inclusion of the buffy coat as part of the (?).

A

erythrocyte volume

53
Q

With good technique, the precision of the Hematocrit, expressed as (?), is ±1%.

A

±2 CV (coefficient of variation)

54
Q

With low Hematocrit values, the (?) is greater because of reading error.

A

CV

55
Q

Hematocrit can be done by applying the “(?)”

A

rule of three

56
Q

This rule applies only to samples that have normocytic normochromic red blood cells.

A

Rule of Three

57
Q

The value of the hematocrit should be (?) the value of the hemoglobin plus or minus 3: HGB X 3 = HCT +/- 3 (0.03 L/L).

A

three times

58
Q

It should become habit for the analyst to multiply the hemoglobin by (?) mentally for every sample; a value discrepant with this rule may indicate abnormal red blood cells, or it may be the first indication of error.

A

3

59
Q

HGB= 11 g/dL
HCT= 36% (0.36 L/L)

According to the rule of three, HGB (11) X 3 = HCT (33)

The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be (?) These values followed the rule of three.

A

33% to 36%.

60
Q

Case 2:
HGB= 8 g/dL
HCT= 32%
According to the rule of three, HGB (8.0) X 3 = HCT (24 versus actual value of 32). In this case, the acceptable range for hematocrit would be (?) . These ranged obtained did not meet the rule of three.

A

24% to 30%

61
Q

Insufficient centrifugation will result in:

A

A false increase in hematocrit value

62
Q

Which of the following calculated values will not be affected in a falsely elevated Hematocrit?

A

MCH

63
Q

Hematocrit Determination refers to:

A

the percentage of red blood cells in a sample of whole blood.

64
Q

If your bone marrow is producing an elevated number of red blood cells, what happens to your hematocrit?

A

The hematocrit value increases.

65
Q

Which of the following statements is Incorrect?

A. The amount of plasma that still remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has been spun should be taken into consideration.

B. Poor technique in collecting the blood specimen is the most frequent cause of hemolysis.

C. Greater amounts of trapped plasma are noted in the Hematocrits of patients with sickle cell anemia

D. The red-gray layer between the red cells and the plasma; This is the layer that includes platelets and leukocytes is known as the Trapped Plasma.

A

A. The amount of plasma that still remains in RBC portion after the microhematocrit has been spun should be taken into consideration.

66
Q

Case 1:
HGB= 13 g/dL
HCT= 38%

According to the rule of three, HGB (13) X 3 = HCT (39)
The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be (?). These values meet the rule of three

A

36% to 42%

67
Q

Case 2: Try to compute for the possible HCT values using the Rule of Three
HGB= 10 g/dL
HCT=?

According to the rule of three, HGB (13) X 3 = HCT (30)
HCT = 30
The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be (?). These values meet the rule of three

A

27% to 33%

68
Q

Case 3: Now, try to compute for the possible HGB and HCT values using the Rule of Three RBC Count: 4.7x10^12/L
HGB=?
HCT=?

RBC X 3 = HGB
HGB X 3 = HCT
4.7 X 3 = 14.1 (HGB)
According to the rule of three, HGB (14.1) X 3 = HCT (42.3)
The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be (?). These values meet the rule of three

A

39.3% to 45.3%

69
Q

CASE 4.
Patient’s result:
RBC: 4.49
WBC: 3.4
HGB: 12.0
HCT: ____
MCV: 99.4
MCH: 35.9
MCHC: 36.1
PLT: 95
RDW: 19.5

A. Compute for the Hematocrit value:
(1)

Interpret the result:
(2)

A
  1. (RBC)(MCV)/10
    = (4.49)(99.4)/10
    = 44.63
  2. The hematocrit value is within the normal reference range
70
Q

CASE 4.
Patient’s result:
RBC: 4.49
WBC: 3.4
HGB: 12.0
HCT: ____
MCV: 99.4
MCH: 35.9
MCHC: 36.1
PLT: 95
RDW: 19.5

B. Compute for the HCT using the Rule of Three:
(1)

Acceptable range:
(2)

A
  1. HGB (12) X 3 = HCT (36)
  2. The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be 33% to 39%. These values meet the rule of three
71
Q

CASE 5
Patient’s result:
RBC: 4.33
WBC: 3.4
HGB: 12.5
HCT: ____
MCV: 90.4
MCH: 36.9
MCHC: 33.1
PLT: 125
RDW: 20.5

A. Compute for the Hematocrit value:
(1)

Interpret the result:
(2)

A
  1. (RBC)(MCV)/10
    = (4.33)(90.4)/10
    = 39.14
  2. The hematocrit value is within the normal reference range
72
Q

CASE 5
Patient’s result:
RBC: 4.33
WBC: 3.4
HGB: 12.5
HCT: ____
MCV: 90.4
MCH: 36.9
MCHC: 33.1
PLT: 125
RDW: 20.5

B. Compute for the HCT using the Rule of Three:
(1)

Acceptable range:
(2)

A
  1. HGB (12.5) X 3 = HCT (37.5)
  2. The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be 34.5% to 40.5%. These values meet the rule of three
73
Q

CASE 6
Patient’s result:
RBC: 4.0
WBC: 3.4
HGB: ____
HCT: ____
MCV: 93.4
MCH: 32.9
MCHC: 36.1
PLT: 112
RDW: 21.5

Compute for the possible HGB and HCT using the Rule of Three:
HGB:
(1)

HCT:
(2)

Acceptable range:
(3)

A
  1. HGB = RBC X 3
    HGB = 4.0 X 3
    HGB = 12
  2. HGB (12) X 3 = HCT (36)
  3. The acceptable range for the hematocrit would be 33% to 39%. These values meet the rule of three.

Hematology 1 [LEC] (25 decks)

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