MODULE 2 UNIT 2: ERYTHROPOIESIS Flashcards
Significant changes in blood cell maturation
NUCLEAR CHANGES
CYTOPLASMIC CHANGES
CELL SIZE
is the glycoprotein hormone produced by the kidneys (renal peritubular interstitial cells).
Erythropoietin (EPO)
EPO main effect is to place more erythrocytes into circulation at a faster rate by:
o Early release of reticulocytes
o Prevent apoptotic cell death
o Reduces maturation time inside bone marrow
2 Maturation sequences of Erythropoietin (EPO)
I. Erythroid Progenitors
II. Erythroid Precursors
Identify what maturation sequence of EPO by using these:
a. Pronormoblast
b. Basophilic normoblast
c. Polychromatic (polychromatophilic) normoblast
d. Orthochromic normoblast
e. Reticulocyte/ Polychromatic (polychromatophilic) erythrocyte
f. Erythrocyte
II. Erythroid Precursors
Identify what maturation sequence of EPO by using these:
a. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
b. CFU-GEMM/ CFU-S
c. CFU-MegE
d. *BFU-E (Particularly produced under increased demand for RBCs/ pathologic erythropoiesis)
e. CFU-E
I. Erythroid Progenitors
Give the Three Erythroid Precursor Nomenclature Systems
NORMOBLASTIC
RUBRIBLASTIC
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Pronormoblast
NORMOBLASTIC
Rubriblast
RUBRIBLASTIC
Proerythroblast
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Basophilic normoblast
NORMOBLASTIC
Prorubricyre
RUBRIBLASTIC
Basophilic erythroblast
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Polychromatic (polychromatophilic) normoblast
NORMOBLASTIC
Rubricyte
RUBRIBLASTIC
Polychromatic (polychromatophilic) erythroblast
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Orthochromic normoblast
NORMOBLASTIC
Metarubricyte
RUBRIBLASTIC
Orthochromic erythroblast
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Reticulocyte/ Polychromatic (polychromatophilic) erythrocyte
NORMOBLASTIC
RUBRIBLASTIC
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Erythrocyte
NORMOBLASTIC
RUBRIBLASTIC
ERYTHROBLASTIC
Approximately [?] DAYS are required to produce a mature RBC from the BFU-E
18 TO 21 Days
[?] week/s for BFU-E to mature to CFU-E
1 week
Another [?] week/s for CFU-E to mature to pronormoblast
1 week
Another [?] days for the precursors to mature enough to enter the circulation
6-7 days
[?] mature RBCs usually result from a single pronormoblast
8 to 32 mature RBCs
PRONORMOBLAST
BASOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
POLYCHROMATOPHILIC NORMOBLAST
ORTHOCHROMIC NORMOBLAST
POLYCHROMATIC ERYTHROCYTE
ERYTHROCYTES
Crucial to the red cell function is the structure of the [?]
RBC MEMBRANE or red cell membrane
RBC MEMBRANE is made up of
proteins , lipids and carbohydrates
percentage of protein in RBC MEMBRANE?
proteins (52%)
percentage of lipids in RBC MEMBRANE?
lipids (40%)
percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE?
carbohydrates (8%)
The (?) needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the largest blood vessels to the smallest capillaries in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.
membrane
The membrane needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the (?) to the smallest capillaries in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.
largest blood vessels
The membrane needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the largest blood vessels to the (?) in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.
smallest capillaries
The membrane needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the largest blood vessels to the smallest capillaries in order to deliver (?) to the farthest areas of the body.
oxygen
The membrane needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the largest blood vessels to the smallest capillaries in order to deliver oxygen to the (?) of the body.
farthest areas
is a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of different proteins.
fluid mosaic model
Some (?) float freely like iceberg in the lipid seam whereas others are anchored at specific parts.
proteins
two parts of RBC membrane
lipid bilayer and membrane proteins
The lipid bilayer consists of two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules:
Give the three types of lipid molecules.
i. Phospholipids
ii. Cholesterol
iii. Glycolipids
Percentage of Phospholipids
75%
Percentage of Cholesterol
20%
Percentage of Glycolipids
5%
are amphipathic lipids.
Phospholipids
means they have both polar and nonpolar parts.
Amphipathic lipids
The polar part of Phospholipids is the
phosphate-containing “head”
The nonpolar part of Phospholipids has
two long fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipids can be asymmetrically divided by?
Outer layer
Inner layer
Outer layer of Phospholipids contains?
Phosphatidylcholine & Sphingomyelin
Inner layer of Phospholipids contains?
Phosphatidylserine & Phosphatidylethanolamine
It is a steroid with an attached hydroxyl group, weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid with an attached (?), weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.
hydroxyl group
The polar part of Cholesterol contains the?
hydroxyl group
non-polar part of Cholesterol contains the?
steroid rings and hydrocarbon tail
are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the membrane layer that faces the extracellular fluid.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the (?) that faces the extracellular fluid.
membrane layer
It is one of the reasons the two sides of the bilayer are (?).
asymmetrical
The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?
carbohydrate “Head”
the nonpolar part of Glycolipids contains the?
fatty Acid “Tail”
2 types of membrane proteins
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
are not firmly attached in the membrane but rather attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids.
Peripheral proteins
are firmly attached to the bilayer membrane and extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids.
Integral proteins
Glycophorin A
Integral proteins
Glycophorin B
Integral proteins
Glycophorin C
Integral proteins
Anion-exchange-channel protein (band 3)
Integral proteins
Spectrin
Peripheral proteins
Actin (band 5)
Peripheral proteins
Ankyrin (band 2.1)
Peripheral proteins
Band 4.1 and 4.2
Peripheral proteins
Band 6
Peripheral proteins
Adducin
Peripheral proteins
is an extensive sugary coat made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.
glycocalyx
It acts like a molecular signature, enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues and protects the cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid.
glycocalyx
Glycocalyx acts like a molecular signature, enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues and protects the cells from being digested by (?) in the extracellular fluid.
enzymes
4 RBC METABOLISM
- Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
- Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt
- Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
- Rapoport- Leubering Pathway
is the major source of red cell energy.
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) is the pathway responsible for (?) carried out by RBCs.
90% of glycolysis
In the process of glycolysis/ glucose catabolism, (?) is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized.
glucose
lucose is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized either via:
▪ Aerobic pathway
▪ ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Aerobic pathway
NOT used by RBC metabolism (absence of mitochondria)
Aerobic pathway
By Aerobic pathway:
Pyruvate is converted to (?)
acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
By Aerobic pathway:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.
38 ATP molecules
By Aerobic pathway:
However, 2 ATP molecules are needed to initiate respiration so there is a (?).
net of 36 ATPs
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
Pyruvate is converted to [?] (reaction is catalysed by LDH)
lactic acid
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.
4 ATP molecules
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
However, for anaerobic glycolysis to occur, 2 moles of ATP must be consumed resulting in a (?).
net gain of 2 ATP moles
The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt contributes to (?).
10% of glycolysis
It provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of (?) needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
NADPH
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain (?) to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM
G-6-PD means
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G-6-PD deficiency often yields in the presence of (?)
Heinz bodies
Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe2+ (Ferrous state) to be functional.
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway maintains hemoglobin iron in (?) to be functional.
Fe2+ (Ferrous state)
Responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for O2.
Rapoport- Leubering Pathway
Rapoport- Leubering Pathway is responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for (?)
O2 or Oxygen
Due to (?), red blood cells will eventually experience deterioration of their enzymes.
natural catabolism
As (?), the mature RBCs are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including glycolytic enzymes that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.
nonnucleated cells
As nonnucleated cells, the (?) are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including glycolytic enzymes that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.
mature RBCs
As nonnucleated cells, the mature RBCs are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including (?) that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.
glycolytic enzymes
is the destruction of senescent (aged) red blood cells by the spleen.
CULLING
This type of hemolysis happens within the reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
It accounts for 90% of red cell destruction and leads to increased unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
It is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis is type of hemolysis happens within the (?) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.
reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN)
Extravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% of red cell destruction.
90%
Extravascular Hemolysis leads to increased (?).
unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen
is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.
Extravascular Hemolysis
It happens within BLOOD VESSELS when the complement is completely activated.
Intravascular Hemolysis/ Fragmentation/ Intravascular Hemolysis
Intravascular Hemolysis happens within (?) when the complement is completely activated.
BLOOD VESSELS
Intravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% destruction of aged red cell population
10%
Intravascular Hemolysis leads to?
hemoglobinuria,
decreased haptoglobin
and hemopexin
It is the type of hemolysis observed in ABO hemolysis.
Intravascular Hemolysis
are a heterogenous group.
Leukocytes
2 types of Leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
The granulocytes together with the monocytes share the (?) while the lymphocytes have their (?).
- same lineage with the red cells (CFU-GEMM)
2. own (CFU-L)
pertains to the production and development of the three granulocytes.
Ganulopoiesis
Give the three granulocytes.
neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
The maturation sequence is almost similar for the three types of cells, except for the (?) that influence production and differentiation.
cytokines
Maturation Sequence of Neutrophil Development
I. Stem cell pool
II. Mitotic pool
III. Maturation pool
IV. Neutrophil
Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
Stem cell pool
Mitotic pool
Progenitors:
a. CFU-GEMM (Common Myeloid Progenitor)
b. CFU-GM (Granulocyte-Macrophage Progenitor)
c. CFU-G
Mitotic pool
Precursors:
d. Myeloblast
e. Promyelocytes
f. Myelocytes
Maturation pool
Precursors:
a. Metamyelocytes
b. Neutrophilic band
MYELOBLAST
Size (um) N:C ratio Nucleus Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Staining Granules
14 to 20 8:1 to 4:1 Round to oval Homogenous, delicate, fine euchromatin 2 to 4 Slightly basophilic No Granules
PROMYELOCYTE
Size (um) N:C ratio Nucleus Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Staining Granules
16-25 3:1 to 2:1 Round to oval Heterochroma tin Slightly coarse 1-3 Basophilic Formation of PRIMARY/ Azurophilic granules
MYELOCYTE (“Dawn of Neutrophilia”)
Size (um) N:C ratio Nucleus Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Staining Granules
12-18 1:1 Oval or round Coarser and condensed NONE Mixture of basophilic and acidophilic Formation of SECONDARY / Specific granules “Dawn of Neutrophilia ”
METAMYELOCYTE
Size (um) N:C ratio Nucleus Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Staining Granules
15-18 1:1 KIDNEY-SHAPED Coarse & clumped NONE Beige/ salmon Formation of TERTIARY/ Gelatinase granules
BAND/STAB
Size (um) N:C ratio Nucleus Shape Chromatin Nucleoli Staining Granules
9-15 1:1 to 1:2 Elongate/ band (C or S) Coarse & clumped NONE Beige/ salmon Continuous formation of tertiary granules Formation of SECRETORY GRANULES (vesicles)
Cellular Activity of MYELOBLAST
0-3% of nucleated cells in BM
- Classification:
Type I blasts: No visible granules
“Granular blasts” Rare in normal marrow
Type II blasts: < 20 visible primary or azurophilic granules
Type III blasts: >20 visible primary or azurophilic granules
Cellular Activity of PROMYELOCYTE
1-5% BM Hof/ Paranuclear halo surrounding the nucleus
Cellular Activity of MYELOCYTE (“Dawn of Neutrophilia”)
6-17% BM
LAST STAGE CAPABLE OF MITOSIS
Cellular Activity of METAMYELOCYTE
3-20% BM
Formed during the promyelocyte stage
Last to be released (Exocytosis)
Primary (Azurophilic) Granules
Contain: • Myeloperoxidase • Acid-β- glycerophosphate • Cathepsins • Defensins • Elastase • Proteinase-3 • Others
Primary (Azurophilic) Granules
Secondary (Specific) Granules
Formed during myelocyte and metamyelocyte stages
Third to be released
Contain: • β2- microglobulin • Collagenase • Gelatinase • Lactoferrin • Neutrophil gelatinase- associated lipocalin • Transcobalamin I • Others
Secondary (Specific) Granules
Formed during metamyelocyte and band stages
Second to be released
Tertiary Granules
Contain: • β2- microglobulin • Collagenase • Gelatinase • Lysozyme • Acetyltransferase
Tertiary Granules
Formed during the band and segmented neutrophil stages
First to be released (fuse to plasma membrane)
Secretory Granules (Secretory Vesicles)
Contain (attached to the membrane): • CD11b/ CD18 • Alkaline phosphatase • Vesicle-associated membrane-2 • CD10, CD13, CD14, CD16 • Cytochrome b558 • Complement 1q receptor • Complement receptor-1
Secretory Granules (Secretory Vesicles)
are also known as polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) or segmenters.
Neutrophils
Neutrophils are the cells that respond to (?).
bacterial infection
Neutrophils average size ranges from (?) microns.
9 to 15 microns
The nucleus presents with (?) lobes with highly condensed chromatin.
2-5 lobes
Tumaba ka ba? Mood
The cytoplasm will contain continuously forming (?) secretory granules.
pink to rose-violet
- Normal values:
o Bone marrow:
o Relative value in peripheral blood:
o Absolute value:
o Bone marrow: 7-30% of nucleated cell population
o Relative value in peripheral blood: 50-70% of WBCs
o Absolute value: 1.7-7.5 x 109/ L
Neutrophil kinetics:
o Production:
o Mitotic pool:
o Maturation pool:
o Once in the peripheral blood, neutrophils are divided randomly into a (?) and a (?). The ratio of CNP and MNP is roughly equal.
o Majority of the MNP are in the (?) of the lungs.
o Production: 0.9-1.0 x 109 cells/ kg per day
o Mitotic pool: 2.11 x 109 cells/ kg
o Maturation pool: 5.6 x 109 cells/ kg
o Once in the peripheral blood, neutrophils are divided randomly into a circulating neutrophil pool (CNP) and a marginated neutrophil pool (MNP). The ratio of CNP and MNP is roughly equal.
o Majority of the MNP are in the capillaries of the lungs.
Transit time: o HSC to myeloblast: o Myeloblast to maturation pool: o Neutrophil half-life in blood: o It takes about (?) from the blast stage to the release of mature granulocytes.
o HSC to myeloblast: 6 days
o Myeloblast to maturation pool: 4 to 6 days
o Neutrophil half-life in blood: 6-8 hours
o It takes about 14 days from the blast stage to the release of mature granulocytes.
Neutrophil Function: a. Phagocytosis Steps
Chemical signals from damaged cells leading to chemotaxis → Margination (sticking to capillary endothelium) → Diapedesis → Recognition of pathogen→ Attachment (Toll-like receptor of phagocyte attaching to PAMPs) → Ingestion → Pathogen in phagosome → Formation of phagolysosome→ Digestion & killing
Respiratory burst through the activation of NADPH oxidase. H2O2 and peroxidase are produced
Oxygen dependent Digestion
The pH within the phagosome becomes alkaline and then neutral, the pH at which digestive enzymes work.
Oxygen independent Digestion
▪ Nuclear & organelle membrane dissolves → DNA release → DNA + cytoplasmic enzymes → Cell membrane ruptures → NET release
NETs
▪ Extracellular threadlike structures believed to represent chains of nucleosomes from DNA
NETs
▪ Have enzymes from neutrophil granules
NETs
▪ Have been shown to be able to trap and kill gram-positive and gramnegative bacteria as well as fungi
NETs
NETs are generated at the time that neutrophils die as a result of antibacterial activity
“NETosis”
- Transcobalamin I/R binder (needed for Vitamin B12 absorption)
- Variety of cytokines
Secretory Function
Maturation Sequence of Eosinophil Development
I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
II. Progenitors
III. Precursors
IV. Eosinophil
Eosinophil Development
Maturation Sequence
II. Progenitors:
a. CFU-GEMM (Common Myeloid Progenitor)
b. CFU-Eo
Eosinophil Development
Maturation Sequence
III. Precursors:
a. Myeloblast
b. Promyelocytes
c. Myelocytes
d. Metamyelocytes
e. Eosinophilic band
o Not fully characterized
A. Eosinophilic myeloblasts
o Cytochemical identification only
o PRIMARY GRANULE: Charcot-Leyden crystal protein
B. Promyelocytes
o Similar to neutrophil myelocytes
o Large, pale, reddish-orange SECONDARY GRANULES
Myelocytes
o Resemble their neutrophil counterpart
o Formation of SECRETORY GRANULE/ VESICLE
o Two other organelles are also present: Lipid bodies and Small lysosomal granules
Metamyelocytes & Band Forms
Formed during the promyelocyte stage
Primary Granules
Contain:
• Charcot-Leyden crystals
Primary Granules
Formed throughout remaining maturation stages
Secondary (Specific) Granules
Contain: • Major basic protein (core) • Eosinophil cationic protein (matrix) • Eosinophil- derived neurotoxin (matrix) • Eosinophil peroxidase (matrix) • Lysozyme (matrix) • Catalase (core and matrix) • β-Glucuronidase (core and matrix) • Cathepsin D (core and matrix) • Interleukins 2,4, and 5 (core) • Interleukin- 6 (matrix) • Granulocyte- and Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (core) • Others
Secondary (Specific) Granules
- Acid phosphatase
- Arylsulfatase B
- Catalase
- Cytochrome b558
- Elastase
- Eosinophil cationic protein
Small Lysosomal Granules
- Cyclooxygenase
- 5-Lipoxygenase
- 15-Lipoxygenase
- Leukotriene C4 synthase
- Eosinophil peroxidase
- Esterase
Lipid Bodies
Carry proteins from secondary granules to be released into the extracellular medium
Storage Vesicles
can also be classified as larger or smaller granules
Eosinophil specific granules
MAJOR BASIC PROTEIN, Acid hydrolase, Peroxidase, Phospholipase, Cathepsin, Eosinophil cationic protein, Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
Larger granules
Arylsulfatase, Peroxidase, Acid phosphatase
Smaller granules
Eosinophils have bilobed nucleus measuring around (?) microns.
9-15
They possess refractile, orange-red granules and are involved in allergic and parasitic infections.
Eosinophils
Eosinophils
- Normal values:
o Relative value:
o Absolute value:
o Relative value: 1-3% of WBC in peripheral blood
o Absolute value: 0-0.3 x 109/ L
Production of eosinophil from last myelocyte division:
3.5 days
Eosinophil kinetics:
o Turnover of eosinophils:
o Large storage pool:
o Half-life in circulation:
o Survival in tissues:
o Turnover of eosinophils: 2.2 x 108 cells/ kg
o Large storage pool: 9-14 x 108 cells/ kg
o Half-life in circulation: 18 hours
o Survival in tissues: 2-5 days (columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal tracts)
Eosinophil Function:
a. Eosinophil degranulation
i. Classical exocytosis
ii. Compound exocytosis
iii. Piecemeal degranulation
▪ Granules move to plasma membrane → Fuse with cell membrane → Emptying of contents to extracellular fluid (ECF)
Classical exocytosis
▪ Granules fuse together within eosinophils → Fuses with cell membrane → Emptying to ECF
Compound exocytosis
▪ Secretory vesicles remove specific CHONs from 20 granules → Secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane → Emptying to ECF
Piecemeal degranulation
Eosinophils delete double-positive thymocytes, act as antigen-presenting cells,
promote proliferation of effector T cells, initiate Type 1 or Type 2 immune response and regulate mast cells
Regulation of immune responses
can trigger mast cell degranulation
▪ Major basic protein & other cytokines
is needed for mast cell survival
▪ Nerve growth factor
In the peripheral blood, eosinophil concentration correlates with severity of
disease.
Hallmark of allergic disorders
They secrete HISTAMINASE, IL-5 that function for airway inflammation and mucosal cell damage, and eosinophil-derived fibrogenic growth factors that function for airway remodeling
eosinophil concentration
Maturation Sequence Basophil Development
I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell II. Progenitors a. CFU-GEMM (CMP) b. CFU-Baso III. Immature basophil IV. Mature basophil
Formed throughout remaining maturation stages
Secondary (Specific) Granules
Secondary (Specific) Granules contain
- Histamine
- Platelet-activating factor
- Leukotriene C4
- Interleukin-4
- Interleukin-13
- Vascular endothelial growth factor A
- Vascular endothelial growth factor B
- Chondroitin sulfates (e.g. Heparin)
possess unsegmented or bilobed nucleus with condensed chromatin.
Basophils
The (?) almost obscure the nuclear material of the cell.
blue-black water-soluble granules
Basophils are further characterized by:
Normal values
Basophil kinetics
Basophil functions
- Normal values
Relative value:
Absolute value:
0-2%
0-0.2 x 109/ L
- Basophil kinetics:
Poorly understood
Life span of 60 hours
- Basophil functions
(ALLERGIC OR HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION)
Basophils possess (?). They regulate Th2 response (IL-4 & IL ), induce B cells to synthesize IgE, mediate allergic processes (production of HISTAMINE, Granzymes B, retinoic acid) and promote angiogenesis (Vascular endothelial growth factor production)
surface IgE receptors
are erroneously called tissue basophils.
Mast cells
They are not true leukocytes; they are cells from the BM that uses blood as transit system to gain access to tissues where they mature.
Mast cells
They function as effector cells in allergic reactions by stimulating IgE receptors and inflammatory reactions by an IgE receptor-independent process.
Mast cells
They can also act as antigen presenting cells that induce Th2 differentiation.
Mast cells
They are known for their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions
Mast cells
MONOPOIESIS Maturation sequence (Table 2-2):
I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell II. Progenitors: a. CFU-GEMM (CMP) b. CFU-GM c. CFU-M III. Precursors: a. Monoblasts b. Promonocyte IV. Monocyte V. Tissue spaces: Macrophage
Size (um): 12-20 N:C ratio: 4:1 to 3:1 Nucleus Shape: Round to oval Chromatin: Delicate Nucleoli: 1-2 Cytoplasm Staining: Basophilic Cytoplasm Granules: No Granules Cellular Activity Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand
MONOBLAST
Size (um): 12-18
N:C ratio: 3:1 to 2:1
Nucleus Shape: Slightly indented or folded
Chromatin: Delicate
Nucleoli: > 1
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Formation of AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
Cellular Activity
Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes
Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand
PROMONOCYTE
LARGEST CELL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD
MONOCYTE
Size (um): 15-20
N:C ratio: 2:1 to 1:1
Nucleus Shape: Oval or round KIDNEY/ HORSE-SHOE May be folded, showing brain-like convolutions
Chromatin: Looser (Lace-like/ Stringy
Nucleoli: NONE
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Many fine azurophilic granules having GROUNDGLASS APPEARANCE (frosted)
Cellular Activity
Enter tissues and mature to macrophages
MONOCYTE