MODULE 2 UNIT 3: ERYTHROCYTE KINETICS

Question 1

Crucial to the red cell function is the structure of the [?]

Answer 1

RBC MEMBRANE or red cell membrane

Question 2

RBC MEMBRANE is made up of

Answer 2

proteins , lipids and carbohydrates

Question 3

percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE

Answer 3

carbohydrates (8%)

Question 4

percentage of lipids in RBC MEMBRANE

Answer 4

lipids (40%)

Question 5

percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE

Answer 5

carbohydrates (8%)

Question 6

The (?) needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the [?] to the [?] in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.

Answer 6

membrane
largest blood vessels
smallest capillaries

Question 7

is a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of different proteins

Answer 7

fluid mosaic model

Question 8

Some (?) float freely like iceberg in the lipid seam whereas others are anchored at specific parts

Answer 8

proteins

Question 9

two parts of RBC membrane

Answer 9

lipid bilayer and membrane proteins

Question 10

The lipid bilayer consists of two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules:

Give the three types of lipid molecules.

Answer 10

i. Phospholipids
ii. Cholesterol
iii. Glycolipids

Question 11

Percentage of Phospholipids

Question 12

Percentage of Cholesterol

Answer 12

20%

Question 13

Percentage of Glycolipids

Answer 13

5%

Question 14

are amphipathic lipids.

Answer 14

Phospholipids

Question 15

means they have both polar and nonpolar parts.

Answer 15

Amphipathic lipids

Question 16

The polar part of Phospholipids is the

Answer 16

phosphate-containing “head”

Question 17

The nonpolar part of Phospholipids has

Answer 17

two long fatty acid “tails”

Question 18

Phospholipids can be asymmetrically divided by?

Answer 18

Outer layer
Inner layer

Question 19

Outer layer of Phospholipids contains?

Answer 19

Phosphatidylcholine & Sphingomyelin

Question 20

Inner layer of Phospholipids contains?

Answer 20

Phosphatidylserine & Phosphatidylethanolamine

Question 21

It is a steroid with an attached hydroxyl group, weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.

Answer 21

Cholesterol

Question 22

Cholesterol is a steroid with an attached (?), weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.

Answer 22

hydroxyl group

Question 23

The polar part of Cholesterol contains the?

Answer 23

hydroxyl group

Question 24

non-polar part of Cholesterol contains the?

Answer 24

steroid rings and hydrocarbon tail

Question 25

are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the membrane layer that faces the extracellular fluid.

Answer 25

Glycolipids

Question 26

Glycolipids are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the (?) that faces the extracellular fluid.

Answer 26

membrane layer

Question 27

It is one of the reasons the two sides of the bilayer are (?).

Answer 27

asymmetrical

Question 28

The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?

Answer 28

carbohydrate “Head”

Question 28

The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?

Answer 28

carbohydrate “Head”

Question 29

the nonpolar part of Glycolipids contains the?

Answer 29

fatty Acid “Tail”

Question 30

2 types of membrane proteins

Answer 30

Integral proteins Peripheral proteins

Question 31

are not firmly attached in the membrane but rather attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids.

Answer 31

Peripheral proteins

Question 32

are firmly attached to the bilayer membrane and extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids.

Answer 32

Integral proteins

Question 33

Integral proteins types

Answer 33

Glycophorin A Glycophorin B Glycophorin C

Question 34

Anion-exchange-channel protein (band 3)

Answer 34

Integral proteins

Question 35

Peripheral proteins types

Answer 35

Spectrin Actin (band 5) Ankyrin (band 2.1) Band 4.1 and 4.2 Band 6 Adducin

Question 36

is an extensive sugary coat made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.

Answer 36

glycocalyx

Question 37

It acts like a molecular signature

Answer 37

glycocalyx

Question 38

enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues and protects the cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid.

Answer 38

glycocalyx

Question 39

4 RBC METABOLISM

Answer 39

1. Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) 2. Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt 3. Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway 4. Rapoport- Leubering Pathway

Question 40

is the major source of red cell energy.

Answer 40

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)

Question 41

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) is the pathway responsible for (?) carried out by RBCs.

Answer 41

90% of glycolysis

Question 42

In the process of glycolysis/ glucose catabolism, (?) is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized.

Answer 42

glucose

Question 43

Glucose is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized either via:

Answer 43

▪ Aerobic pathway ▪ ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS

Question 44

Tricarboxylic acid cycle

Answer 44

Aerobic pathway

Question 45

NOT used by RBC metabolism (absence of mitochondria)

Answer 45

Aerobic pathway

Question 46

By Aerobic pathway: Pyruvate is converted to (?)

Answer 46

acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)

Question 47

By Aerobic pathway: For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.

Answer 47

38 ATP molecules

Question 48

By Aerobic pathway: However, 2 ATP molecules are needed to initiate respiration so there is a (?).

Answer 48

net of 36 ATPs

Question 49

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS: Pyruvate is converted to [?] (reaction is catalysed by LDH)

Answer 49

lactic acid

Question 50

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS: For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.

Answer 50

4 ATP molecules

Question 51

By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS: However, for anaerobic glycolysis to occur, 2 moles of ATP must be consumed resulting in a (?).

Answer 51

net gain of 2 ATP moles

Question 52

The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt contributes to (?).

Answer 52

10% of glycolysis

Question 53

It provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

Answer 53

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt

Question 54

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of (?) needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

Answer 54

NADPH

Question 55

Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain (?) to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.

Answer 55

GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM

Question 56

G-6-PD means

Answer 56

Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 57

G-6-PD deficiency often yields in the presence of (?)

Answer 57

Heinz bodies

Question 58

Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe2+ (Ferrous state) to be functional.

Answer 58

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

Question 59

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway maintains hemoglobin iron in (?) to be functional.

Answer 59

Fe2+ (Ferrous state)

Question 60

Responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for O2.

Answer 60

Rapoport- Leubering Pathway

Question 61

Rapoport- Leubering Pathway is responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for (?)

Answer 61

O2 or Oxygen

Question 62

Due to (?), red blood cells will eventually experience deterioration of their enzymes.

Answer 62

natural catabolism

Question 63

As (?), the mature RBCs are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including glycolytic enzymes that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.

Answer 63

nonnucleated cells

Question 64

is the destruction of senescent (aged) red blood cells by the spleen.

Answer 64

CULLING

Question 65

This type of hemolysis happens within the reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.

Answer 65

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

Question 66

It accounts for 90% of red cell destruction and leads to increased unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen.

Answer 66

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

Question 67

It is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.

Answer 67

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis

Question 68

Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis is type of hemolysis happens within the (?) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.

Answer 68

reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN)

Question 69

Extravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% of red cell destruction.

Answer 69

90%

Question 70

Extravascular Hemolysis leads to increased (?).

Answer 70

unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen

Question 71

is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.

Answer 71

Extravascular Hemolysis

Question 72

It happens within BLOOD VESSELS when the complement is completely activated.

Answer 72

Intravascular Hemolysis/ Fragmentation/ Intravascular Hemolysis

Question 73

Intravascular Hemolysis happens within (?) when the complement is completely activated.

Answer 73

BLOOD VESSELS

Question 74

Intravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% destruction of aged red cell population

Answer 74

10%

Question 75

Intravascular Hemolysis leads to?

Answer 75

hemoglobinuria, decreased haptoglobin and hemopexin

Question 76

It is the type of hemolysis observed in ABO hemolysis.

Answer 76

Intravascular Hemolysis