MODULE 2 UNIT 3: ERYTHROCYTE KINETICS Flashcards
Crucial to the red cell function is the structure of the [?]
RBC MEMBRANE or red cell membrane
RBC MEMBRANE is made up of
proteins , lipids and carbohydrates
percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE
carbohydrates (8%)
percentage of lipids in RBC MEMBRANE
lipids (40%)
percentage of carbohydrates in RBC MEMBRANE
carbohydrates (8%)
The (?) needs to be flexible, deformable and semi-permeable so that the red cell will be able to travel through the [?] to the [?] in order to deliver oxygen to the farthest areas of the body.
membrane
largest blood vessels
smallest capillaries
is a continually moving sea of fluid lipids that contains a mosaic of different proteins
fluid mosaic model
Some (?) float freely like iceberg in the lipid seam whereas others are anchored at specific parts
proteins
two parts of RBC membrane
lipid bilayer and membrane proteins
The lipid bilayer consists of two back-to-back layers made up of three types of lipid molecules:
Give the three types of lipid molecules.
i. Phospholipids
ii. Cholesterol
iii. Glycolipids
Percentage of Phospholipids
Percentage of Cholesterol
20%
Percentage of Glycolipids
5%
are amphipathic lipids.
Phospholipids
means they have both polar and nonpolar parts.
Amphipathic lipids
The polar part of Phospholipids is the
phosphate-containing “head”
The nonpolar part of Phospholipids has
two long fatty acid “tails”
Phospholipids can be asymmetrically divided by?
Outer layer
Inner layer
Outer layer of Phospholipids contains?
Phosphatidylcholine & Sphingomyelin
Inner layer of Phospholipids contains?
Phosphatidylserine & Phosphatidylethanolamine
It is a steroid with an attached hydroxyl group, weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.
Cholesterol
Cholesterol is a steroid with an attached (?), weakly amphipathic and are interspersed among the other lipids in both layers of the membrane.
hydroxyl group
The polar part of Cholesterol contains the?
hydroxyl group
non-polar part of Cholesterol contains the?
steroid rings and hydrocarbon tail
are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the membrane layer that faces the extracellular fluid.
Glycolipids
Glycolipids are lipids with attached carbohydrate groups that appear only in the (?) that faces the extracellular fluid.
membrane layer
It is one of the reasons the two sides of the bilayer are (?).
asymmetrical
The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?
carbohydrate “Head”
The polar part of Glycolipids contains the?
carbohydrate “Head”
the nonpolar part of Glycolipids contains the?
fatty Acid “Tail”
2 types of membrane proteins
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins
are not firmly attached in the membrane but rather attached to the polar heads of membrane lipids.
Peripheral proteins
are firmly attached to the bilayer membrane and extend into or through the lipid bilayer among the fatty acids.
Integral proteins
Integral proteins types
Glycophorin A
Glycophorin B
Glycophorin C
Anion-exchange-channel protein (band 3)
Integral proteins
Peripheral proteins types
Spectrin
Actin (band 5)
Ankyrin (band 2.1)
Band 4.1 and 4.2
Band 6
Adducin
is an extensive sugary coat made up of the carbohydrate portions of the glycolipids and glycoproteins.
glycocalyx
It acts like a molecular signature
glycocalyx
enables cells to adhere to one another in some tissues and protects the cells from being digested by enzymes in the extracellular fluid.
glycocalyx
4 RBC METABOLISM
- Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
- Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt
- Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
- Rapoport- Leubering Pathway
is the major source of red cell energy.
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP)
Embden-Meyerhof Pathway (EMP) is the pathway responsible for (?) carried out by RBCs.
90% of glycolysis
In the process of glycolysis/ glucose catabolism, (?) is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized.
glucose
Glucose is converted to pyruvate and the resulting pyruvate can be metabolized either via:
▪ Aerobic pathway
▪ ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS
Tricarboxylic acid cycle
Aerobic pathway
NOT used by RBC metabolism (absence of mitochondria)
Aerobic pathway
By Aerobic pathway:
Pyruvate is converted to (?)
acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA)
By Aerobic pathway:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.
38 ATP molecules
By Aerobic pathway:
However, 2 ATP molecules are needed to initiate respiration so there is a (?).
net of 36 ATPs
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
Pyruvate is converted to [?] (reaction is catalysed by LDH)
lactic acid
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
For each mole of glucose, a total of (?) ATP molecules are produced.
4 ATP molecules
By ANAEROBIC PATHWAY/ ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS:
However, for anaerobic glycolysis to occur, 2 moles of ATP must be consumed resulting in a (?).
net gain of 2 ATP moles
The Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt contributes to (?).
10% of glycolysis
It provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of (?) needed to maintain GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
NADPH
Hexose Monophosphate Pathway/ Pentose Phosphate Shunt provides adequate stores of NADPH needed to maintain (?) to prevent denaturation of hemoglobin.
GLUTATHIONE IN ITS REDUCED FORM
G-6-PD means
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
G-6-PD deficiency often yields in the presence of (?)
Heinz bodies
Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe2+ (Ferrous state) to be functional.
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway
Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway maintains hemoglobin iron in (?) to be functional.
Fe2+ (Ferrous state)
Responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for O2.
Rapoport- Leubering Pathway
Rapoport- Leubering Pathway is responsible for generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for (?)
O2 or Oxygen
Due to (?), red blood cells will eventually experience deterioration of their enzymes.
natural catabolism
As (?), the mature RBCs are unable to generate or replenish enzymes including glycolytic enzymes that lead to senescence/ aging of red blood cells.
nonnucleated cells
is the destruction of senescent (aged) red blood cells by the spleen.
CULLING
This type of hemolysis happens within the reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
It accounts for 90% of red cell destruction and leads to increased unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
It is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis
Extravascular Hemolysis/ Macrophage-Mediated Hemolysis is type of hemolysis happens within the (?) when complement is not activated or incompletely activated.
reticuloendothelial system (SPLEEN)
Extravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% of red cell destruction.
90%
Extravascular Hemolysis leads to increased (?).
unconjugated bilirubin & urine/ fecal urobilinogen
is the type of hemolysis seen in Rh hemolysis.
Extravascular Hemolysis
It happens within BLOOD VESSELS when the complement is completely activated.
Intravascular Hemolysis/ Fragmentation/ Intravascular Hemolysis
Intravascular Hemolysis happens within (?) when the complement is completely activated.
BLOOD VESSELS
Intravascular Hemolysis accounts for (?)% destruction of aged red cell population
10%
Intravascular Hemolysis leads to?
hemoglobinuria,
decreased haptoglobin
and hemopexin
It is the type of hemolysis observed in ABO hemolysis.
Intravascular Hemolysis
