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Hematology 1 [LEC] > [DISCUSSION] MODULE 2: QUIZ 3 COVERAGE > Flashcards

[DISCUSSION] MODULE 2: QUIZ 3 COVERAGE Flashcards

1
Q

dynamics of RBC production and destruction

A

Erythrokinetics

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2
Q

collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the
body

A

Erythron

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3
Q

=the developing precursors in the bone marrow + circulating
erythrocytes in peripheral blood and vascular spaces within
specific organs

A

Erythron

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4
Q

= conveys the concept of a unified functional tissue

A

Erythron

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5
Q

= red blood cells in circulation only

A

Red cell mass

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6
Q

THE RBC MEMBRANE COMOPOSITION:

A

a. proteins (52%)
b. lipids (40%)
c. carbohydrates (8%)

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7
Q

THE RBC MEMBRANE NEEDS TO BE:

A

a. flexible
b. deformable
c. semi-permeable

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8
Q

A continually moving sea of fluid lipids that
contain a mosaic of different proteins

A

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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9
Q

-Some proteins float freely in the lipid stream
-others are anchored at specific parts

A

FLUID MOSAIC MODEL

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10
Q

-major source of red cell energy (90% of glycolysis)

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)

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11
Q

-major source of red cell energy (90% of glycolysis)

A

EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)

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12
Q

glycolysis

A

glucose catabolism = glucose to pyruvate

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13
Q

pyruvate can be metabolized by:

A

a. Aerobic pathway: Tricarboxylic acid cycle
b. Anaerobic pathway/anaerobic glycolysis

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14
Q

4 RBC METABOLISM

A
  1. EMBDEN-MEYERHOFF PATHWAY (EMP)
  2. HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT
  3. METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY
  4. RAPPAPORT – LEUBERING PATHWAY
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15
Q

contributes to 10% of glycolysis

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT

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16
Q

provides adequate stores of NADPH

maintains glutathione in its reduced form

prevents denaturation of hemoglobin

A

HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT

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17
Q

Main enzyme of HEXOSE MONOPHOSPHATE PATHWAY/PENTOSE PHOSPHATE SHUNT

A

G-6PD

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18
Q

-Maintains hemoglobin iron in Fe 2+ (ferrous) to be
functional

A

METHEMOGLOBIN REDUCTASE PATHWAY

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19
Q

Responsible for the generation of 2,3-DPG which regulates hemoglobin affinity for oxygen

A

RAPPAPORT – LEUBERING PATHWAY

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20
Q

2 RBC DESTRUCTION

A
  1. EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS
  2. INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION
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21
Q

happens within the RES (spleen) when complement is not
activated or incompletely activated

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS

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22
Q

90% of red cell destruction

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS

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23
Q

-increases unconjugated bilirubin, urine and fecal urobilinogen

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS

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24
Q

-seen in Rh hemolysis

A

EXTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS / MACROPHAGE MEDIATED HEMOLYSIS

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25
Q

-happens within blood vessels when complement is completely
activated

A

INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION

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26
Q

-10% destruction

A

INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION

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27
Q

-leads to hemoglobinuria, decreased haptoglobin and hemopexin

A

INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION

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28
Q

-type of hemolysis seen in ABO hemolysis

A

INTRAVASCULAR HEMOLYSIS/FRAGMENTATION

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29
Q

2 LEUKOCYTES

A

a. Granulocytes
b. Agranulocytes

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30
Q
  • share the same lineage (CFU-GEMM)
A

Granulocytes, red cells, monocytes, megakaryocytes

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31
Q

CFU-L

A

Lymphocytes

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32
Q

Production and development of the three granulocytes

A

GRANULOPOIESIS

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33
Q

three granulocytes:

A

N, E, B

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34
Q

GRANULOPOIESIS Similarities:

A

Maturation sequence

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35
Q

GRANULOPOIESIS Differences:

A

Cytokines that influence their production and
differentiation

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36
Q

NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT

Stem cell pool:

A

Pluripotential Hematopoietic Stem Cell

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37
Q

NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT Mitotic pool:

A

Progenitors
Precursors

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38
Q

common myeloid progenitor

A

. CFU-GEMM

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39
Q

(granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)

A

CFU-GM

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40
Q

(granulocyte progenitor)

A

CFU-G

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41
Q

Neutrophils Mitotic pool:
Progenitors

A

a. CFU-GEMM (common myeloid progenitor)
b. CFU-GM (granulocyte-macrophage progenitor)
c. CFU-G (granulocyte progenitor)

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42
Q

NEUTROPHIL
Mitotic pool:
Precursors

A

a. Myeloblast
b. Promyelocyte
c. Myelocyte

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43
Q

NEUTROPHIL DEVELOPMENT

Maturation pool:

Precursors

A

Metamyelocyte
Neutrophilic band

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44
Q

NEUTROPHIL Maturation pool:
Precursors

A

a. Metamyelocyte
b. Neutrophilic band

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45
Q

Size (um) 14-20
N:C Ratio 8:1 – 4:1
Nucleus Shape Round to oval
Nucleus Chromatin Homogenous, delicate, fine euchromatin
Nucleus Nucleoli 2-4
Cytoplasm Staining Slightly basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules No granules

Cellular activity 0-3% of nucleated cells in the BM
Classification:
-Type I blasts
“granular blasts”
-Type II blasts
-Type III blasts

A

MYELOBLAST

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46
Q

Size (um) 16-25
N:C Ratio 3:1 – 2:1
Nucleus Shape Round to oval
Nucleus Chromatin Heterochromatin slightly coarse
Nucleus Nucleoli 1-3
Cytoplasm Staining Basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Primary or Azurophilic granules
Cellular activity 1-5% BM Hof/Paranuclear halo surrounding the nucleus

A

PROMYELOCYTE

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47
Q

Size (um) 12-18
N:C Ratio 1:1
Nucleus Shape Oval or round
Nucleus Chromatin Coarser and condensed
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Mixture of acidophilic and basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Secondary/ Specific granules “Dawn of neutrophilia”

Cellular activity
6-17%
Last stage capable
of mitosis

A

MYELOCYTE “DAWN OF NEUTROPHILIA”

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48
Q

Size (um) 15-18
N:C Ratio 1:1
Nucleus Shape Kidney shaped
Nucleus Chromatin Coarse and clumped
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Beige or salmon
Cytoplasm Granules Formation of Tertiary / gelatinase granules
Cellular activity 3-20% in the BM

A

METAMYELOCYTE

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49
Q

Size (um) 9-15
N:C Ratio 1:1 to 2:2
Nucleus Shape Elongate/band (C or S)
Nucleus Chromatin Coarse and clumped
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining Beige or salmon
Cytoplasm Granules
-Continuous formation of Tertiary / gelatinase granules
-Formation of secretory granules (vesicles)
Cellular activity No answer given

A

STAB

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50
Q

Size (um) 9-15
N:C Ratio 1:1 to 2:2
Nucleus Shape 2-5 lobes
Nucleus Chromatin Highly condensed chromatin
Nucleus Nucleoli None
Cytoplasm Staining and Cytoplasm Granules
- conatian continuously forming pink to rose-violet secretory granules
Cellular activity No answer given

A

NEUTROPHIL / POLYMORPHONUCLEAR
(PMN) CELLS

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51
Q

3 NEUTROPHIL FUNCTION

A
  1. PHAGOCYTOSIS
  2. GENERATION OF NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS
  3. Secretory function
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52
Q

GENERATION OF NETs

A

Nuclear and organelle membrane dissolves – DNA release

DNA + cytoplasmic enzymes – cell membrane rupture – NET release

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53
Q

Extracellular thread-like structures believed to represent chains of
nucleosomes from DNA

A

GENERATION OF NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS

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54
Q

Have enzymes for neutrophil granules

A

NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS

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55
Q

Neutrophil Secretory functions

A

a. Transcobalamin I/R binder (needed for vitamin B12 absorption)

b. Variety of cytokines

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55
Q

Kill gram positive gram negative bacteria and fungi

A

NETs: NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS

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56
Q

EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Stem cell:

A

Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell

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57
Q

EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Progenitors:

A

a. CFU-GEMM (common myeloid
progenitor)
b. CFU-Eo

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58
Q

EOSINOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence
Precursors:

A

a. Myeloblast
b. Promyelocyte
c. Myelocyte
d. Metamyelocyte
e. Eosinophilic band Eosinophil

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59
Q

Not fully characterized

A

EOSINOPHILIC MYELOBLAST

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60
Q

Cytochemical identification only

A

PROMYELOCYTES

61
Q

Charcot-Leyden crystal protein

A

Primary granule PROMYELOCYTES

62
Q

similar to neutrophil myelocytes

A

MYELOCYTES

63
Q

Large, pale, reddish-orange

A

Secondary granule MYELOCYTES

64
Q

resemble neutrophil counterpart

A

METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM

65
Q

-Formation of secretory granules/vesicles

A

METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM

66
Q

METAMYELOCYTES and BAND FORM
2 other organelles present:

A

Lipid bodies, small lysosomal granules

67
Q

Size: 9-15um
Nucleus: bilobed
Granules: refractile, orange-red granules (involved in allergic and
parasitic infections

A

EOSINOPHIL

68
Q

4 EOSINOPHIL FUNCTION

A
  1. DEGRANULATION
  2. Regulation of Immune responses
  3. Indicator of parasitic infection
  4. Hallmark of allergic disorders
69
Q

-granules move to plasma mem – fuse with cell mem – empty contents to
ECF

A

Classical exocytosis

70
Q

-Granules fuse together with eosinophils – fuses with cell mem – empty
contents

A

Compound exocytosis

71
Q

-secretory vesicles remove spp CHONs from secondary granules – secretory
vesicles migrate to plasma mem – empty to ECF

A

Piecemeal degranulation

72
Q

-delete double-positive thymocytes

A

Regulation of Immune responses

73
Q

-act as Ag presenting cells

A

Regulation of Immune responses

74
Q

-promote proliferation of effector T cells

A

Regulation of Immune responses

75
Q

-Initiate type 1 or type 2 immune response

A

Regulation of Immune responses

76
Q

-Regulate mast cells

A

Regulation of Immune responses

77
Q

-MBP and Eosinophil cationic protein destroys tissue-invading helminths and
prevents reinfection

A

Indicator of parasitic infection

78
Q

Hallmark of allergic disorders

A

-concentration = severity of disease

79
Q

(airway inflammation, mucosal cell damage)

A

Hallmark of allergic disorders

-Secrete HISTAMINASE, IL-5

80
Q

function for airway remodelling

A

Hallmark of allergic disorders

-Secrete eosinophil-derived fibrogenic growth factors

81
Q

BASOPHIL DEVELOPMENT

Stem cell pool
Maturation sequence

A

I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
II. Progenitors
a. CFU-GEMM (CMP)
b. CFU-Baso
III. Immature Basophil
IV. Mature Basophil

82
Q

BASOPHIL DEVELOPMENT
Maturation sequence: Progenitors:

A

a. CFU-GEMM (CMP)
b. CFU-Baso

83
Q

Formed throughout remaining maturation stages

A

BASOPHIL GRANULES Secondary Granules

84
Q

BASOPHILIC Secondary Granules Contain:

A

• Histamine
• Platelet-activating factor
• Leukotriene C4 • Interleukin-4 • Interleukin-13
• Vascular endothelial growth factor A
• Vascular endothelial growth factor B
• Chondroitin sulfates (e.g. Heparin)

85
Q

Possess unsegmented or bilobed nucleus with condensed chromatin.
Blue-black water soluble granules almost obscure the nuclear material of the cell.

A

BASOPHILS

86
Q

FUNCTIONS: Allergic or hypersensitivity reaction

A

BASOPHILS

87
Q

-Possess surface IgE receptors

A

BASOPHILS

88
Q

-Regulate T helper2 response (Il-4 and IL-3)

A

BASOPHILS

89
Q

-Induce B cells to synthesize IgE

A

BASOPHILS

90
Q

-Mediate allergic responses (prod of HISTAMINE, granzymes B, retinoic acid)

A

BASOPHILS

91
Q

-Promote angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor production)

A

BASOPHILS

92
Q

MONOPOIESIS Maturation sequence:

A

I. Pluripotential hematopoietic stem cell
II. Progenitors
III. Precursors
IV. Monocyte
V. Macrophage (T)

93
Q

MONOPOIESIS
Progenitors:

A

a. CFU-GEMM
b. CFU-GM
c. CFU-M

94
Q

MONOPOIESIS Precursors:

A

a. Monoblast
b. Promonocyte

95
Q

-Large cells (40-50 microns)

A

MACROPHAGES

96
Q

-Oval reticulated chromatin nucleus and a pale, frequently
vacuolated cytoplasm

A

MACROPHAGES

97
Q

-Either wandering or fixed as to location

A

MACROPHAGES

98
Q

PROMONOCYTE POOL:

NO STORAGE POOL:

Pools in circ:

Half life:

NV:
Relative:
Absolute:

A

6 x 8 8 cells/kg
-Produces 7 x 10 6 monocytes / kg per hour

Monocytes are immediately released

Circulating and marginal (marginal more numerous)

2-11%
0.1 – 1.3 x 10 9/L

99
Q

-Function for innate immunity

A

MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE

100
Q

-Perform phagocytosis via toll-like receptors and Fc receptors and are
involved in inflammatory responses

A

MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE

101
Q

-Produce nitric oxide – cytotoxic against viruses, bact, fungi, protozoa,
helminths, tumor cells

A

MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE

102
Q

-Removes debris and dead cells

A

MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE

103
Q

-Maintenance of iron storage pool and synthesis of a wide variety of
proteins

A

MONOCYTE/MACROPHAGE

104
Q

LYMPHOCYTES
Functionally classified into 3

A
  1. T lymphocytes
  2. B lymphocytes
  3. Null lymphocytes
105
Q

cellular-mediated immunity: attacking foreign antigens directly

60-80%, lasts 4-10 years

A

T lymphocytes

106
Q

humoral-mediated immunity: produce antibodies
2-%, lasts 3-4 years

A

B lymphocytes

107
Q

tumor – host defense
10%

A

Null lymphocytes

108
Q

Are not end cells: Resting
-When stimulated, will undergo mitosis to produce both memory and effector cells

A

LYMPHOCYTES

109
Q

Reticulate from the blood to the tissues and back to the blood

A

LYMPHOCYTES

110
Q

are capable of arranging antigen receptor gene segments to produce a wide variety of antibodies and surface receptors

A

B and T lymphocytes

111
Q

originate in the BM

develop and mature outside of the BM

A

Early lymphocyte progenitors

T and NK lymphocytes

112
Q

Making the lymphocyte kinetics extremely complicated and not well
understood

A

LYMPHOCYTES

113
Q

AG independent

(Central/primary lymphoid organs)

A

BM, Thymus

114
Q

AG dependent

(Secondary lymphoid organs)

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, MALT, Peyer’s patches

115
Q

-@ these stages where immunoglobulin gene rearrangement occurs

A

BM – pro-B – pre-B – immature B cell

116
Q

produces a unique immunoglobulin antigen receptor

A

B lymphocytes

117
Q

-leave BM to migrate to secondary lymphoid organs – take up
specific zones (e.g lymph node follicles)

A

IMMATURE B CELL/HEMATOGENE

118
Q

-Develop initially in the Thymus

A

T lymphocytes

119
Q

-Lymphoid progenitors migrate from the BM to the thymic cortex

A

T lymphocytes

120
Q

-under the regulation of cytokines produced by thymic endothelial
cells, they progress to stages known as pro-T, pre-T and immature T cells

A

T lymphocytes

121
Q

-Undergo antigen receptor gene rearrangement to produce T cell
receptors that are unique to each T cell

A

T lymphocytes

122
Q

T lymphocytes 2 categories:

A

CD4+ or CD8+

123
Q

(further apoptosis of self-reactive T cells occur)

A

Immature T cells - Thymic medulla

124
Q

take up residence in specific zones – paracortical areas

A

secondary lymphoid organs

125
Q

(?) eventually come in contact with antigen = cell activation = memory cells, effector
T cells, both

A

*T cells in secondary lymphoid organs or in circulating blood

126
Q

are cells that morphologically resemble monocytes

A

Atypical, reactive or plasmacytoid lymphocytes

127
Q

(?) of the cytoplasm by adjacent red cells = RL
(?) cytoplasm = RL, blue-grey color = M
(?) that give monocytes a typical
“ground glass appearance of the cytoplasm

A

-Sharp indentation
-Increased amount of dark blue
- lack many fine granules

128
Q

heterogenous group of cells with respect to their surface
antigens CD 56, CD 16, CD 3-, CD7 large granular lymphocytes

A

NK cells

129
Q

azurophilic granules that are peroxidase negative

A

cytoplasm LYMPHOCYTES

130
Q

Essential for antibody production

A

LYMPHOCYTES B cells

131
Q

Antigen presentation to T cells

A

LYMPHOCYTES B cells

132
Q

Produce cytokines that regulate a variety of T cell and antigen
presenting functions

A

LYMPHOCYTES B cells

133
Q

mediate immune responses against intracellular pathogens

A

CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th1:

134
Q

mediate host defense against extracellular parasites

A

CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th2:

135
Q

immune responses against extracellular bacteria and fungi

maintaining self-tolerance by
regulating immune responses

A

CD4 effector lymphocytes: Th17

Treg (CD4+CD25+ regulatory T)

136
Q

-Capable of killing target cells by secreting granules containing
granzyme and perforin

A

T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes

137
Q

-Activating apoptotic pathways in the target cell

A

T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes

138
Q

-Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A

T cells:
CD8 effector lymphocytes

139
Q

-Innate immunity

A

T cells:
NK lymphocytes

140
Q

-capable of killing certain tumor cells and virus-infected cells without
prior sensitization

A

T cells:
NK lymphocytes

141
Q

-Modulate functions of other cells (macrophages and T cells)

A

T cells:
NK lymphocytes

142
Q

Size (um): 12-20
N:C ratio: 4:1 to 3:1
Nucleus Shape: Round to oval
Chromatin: Delicate
Nucleoli: 1-2
Cytoplasm Staining: Basophilic
Cytoplasm Granules: No Granules
Cellular Activity
Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes
Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand

A

MONOBLAST

143
Q

Size (um): 12-18
N:C ratio: 3:1 to 2:1
Nucleus Shape: Slightly indented or folded
Chromatin: Delicate
Nucleoli: > 1
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Formation of AZUROPHILIC GRANULES
Cellular Activity
Carries out 2 mitotic divisions in 60 hours to produce 8 monocytes
Can carry out 4 mitotic divisions in 60 hours under increased demand

A

PROMONOCYTE

144
Q

LARGEST CELL IN PERIPHERAL BLOOD

A

MONOCYTE

145
Q

Size (um): 15-20
N:C ratio: 2:1 to 1:1
Nucleus Shape: Oval or round KIDNEY/ HORSE-SHOE May be folded, showing brain-like convolutions
Chromatin: Looser (Lace-like/ Stringy
Nucleoli: NONE
Cytoplasm Staining: Blue-gray
Cytoplasm Granules: Many fine azurophilic granules having GROUNDGLASS APPEARANCE (frosted)
Cellular Activity
Enter tissues and mature to macrophages

A

MONOCYTE

146
Q

Cell Size (microns):
10-18

Nucleus:
Coarse chromatin
Round or oval
With 1-2 nucleoli

Cytoplasm:
No granules present
Appears smooth
Moderate to dark blue

A

LYMPHOBLAST

147
Q

Cell Size (microns):
Maybe same size as lymphoblast or smaller

Nucleus:
More clumped chromatin
Round or oval in shape
With 1- 2 nucleoli

Cytoplasm:
Usually nongranular
Moderate to dark blue

A

PROLYMPHOCYTE

148
Q

MATURE LYMPHOCYTE

A

SMALL LYMPHOCYTE
MEDIUM LYMPHOCYTE
LARGE LYMPHOCYTE (Atypical Lymphocyte)

149
Q

Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:

A

SMALL LYMPHOCYTE

150
Q

Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:

A

MEDIUM LYMPHOCYTE

151
Q

Cell Size (microns):
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:

A

LARGE LYMPHOCYTE
(Atypical Lymphocyte)

Hematology 1 [LEC] (25 decks)

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