[DISCUSSION] MODULE 1 Flashcards
is the scientific study of blood and its components
Hematology
is the study of normal and pathologic conditions of blood and blood cells
is the division of medicine associated with diagnostic laboratory of the formed elements of blood and their morphologies, blood disorders, and blood forming organs
Clinical Hematology
In the Clinical Laboratory, Hematology deals with two concerns
- defining normal and abnormal cells and cell values
- evaluating hemostatic mechanisms that include excessive bleeding, abnormal coagulation and thrombosis
Integral to the field of a Medical Laboratory Scientist is the awareness and management of [?], alongside with [?].
- laboratory safety
- reagent preparation and waste management
is a specialized liquid connective tissue comprising of plasma and formed /cellular elements.
Blood
In a tube containing anticoagulated whole blood, centrifugation yields three layers:
the pale-yellow supernatant referred to as
the thin white layer known as the
lastly
- plasma
- buffy coat
- packed red cell fraction
Plasma makes up [?] of blood volume.
55%
The major constituent of plasma is [?]; followed by [?] and [?].
- water (91.5%)
- plasma proteins (7%)
- other solutes (1.5%)
The proteins dissolved in plasma are
albumin (54%), globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%) and the others at 1%.
The other solutes found in plasma are
electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances and some metabolic waste products
A blood sample in a tube that has no anticoagulant yields [?] as its supernatant after centrifugation.
serum
is yellow in color and differs from plasma because of the absence of coagulation proteins such as fibrinogen
Serum
or blood cells are a heterogenous group that perform different functions in the body.
Hemocytes
Hemocytes:
erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
o Red cells
o Contains the O2-trasporting pigment called HEMOGLOBIN
o Important for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange
Erythrocytes (RBC)
o Responsible for the body’s defenses against foreign bodies
Leukocytes (WBC)
o Prevent blood loss from hemorrhage
o Exert their main effect on the blood vessels
Thrombocytes (Platelets)
6 to 8 um in diameter
Salmon pink
Erythrocytes
o For transporting O2 to the tissues
o Contain hemoglobin
Salmon pink
O2-carrying pigment
Very basic – attracted to acidic dyes
hemoglobin
eosin: red to orange
hemoglobin
Buffering blood
Contains carbonic anhydrase
Erythrocytes
o Catalyzes CO2
o Transports CO2 to carbonic acid
carbonic anhydrase
Motile polymorphonuclear cells
Granulocytes
o Size: 10-12u in diameter
o 2-5 nuclear lobes and slightly acidophilic
Neutrophilic granulocyte
o Size: 10-12u in diameter
o 2 lobes
o Slightly acidophilic
Eosinophilic granulocyte
o Functionally and chemically related to mast cells
o Size: 8-10u in diameter
o Kidney-shaped or slightly lobulated nucleus
o Large, deep purple granules in the cytoplasm that usually obscure the nucleus
Basophils
Mononuclear leukocytes
Size: 12-15u in the large motile type; 7-8u in the small nonmotile type
Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes
Nucleus:
Chromatic:
Nucleus: Circular; deeply basophilic
Chromatic: Chunky; occupies all available space
Clear blue rim of cytoplasm (occasional reddish purple
azurophilic granules)
Lymphocytes
Occasionally motile
Large mononuclear leukocytes originating in the marrow
Size: 14-19u
Monocytes
Monocytes
Nucleus:
Cytoplasm:
Nucleus: Lobulated, kidney-bean/horse shoe shaped; pale violet
Cytoplasm: pale grayish blue, sometimes with irregular border and/or vacuoles
Occasionally containing red-staining
Monocytes
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
Platelets
Cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytes
Platelets
Platelets Main functions:
Hemostatic involvement
FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD
- Respiratory functions
- Buffering Action
- Nutritive functions
- Maintenance of constant body temperature
- Defense against infectious agents
- Hemostasis
A. Physical characteristics
a. Color:
b. Sterility:
c. State in circulation:
d. Viscosity:
a. Color: Deep red
b. Sterility: Sterile
c. State in circulation: Liquid
d. Viscosity: Viscous
B. Volume of blood % of total body weight
a. Males:
b. Females:
a. Males: 75.7 mL/kg
b. Females: 66 mL/kg
C. Specific Gravity of blood Whole Blood a. Males: b. Females: c. Plasma: d. Packed red cells:
a. Males: 1.048 – 1.066 – 1.057
b. Females: 1.048 – 1.066 – 1.058
c. Plasma: 1.026 – 1.030
d. Packed red cells: 1.092 – 1.095
D. pH
a. Acidemia:
b. Alkalemia:
c. Average for humans
d. Compatible with life
D. pH
a. Acidemia: < 7.35
b. Alkalemia: > 7.45
c. Average for humans 7.35 – 7.35
d. Compatible with life 6.8 – 7.8
without; absent
a-/an-
unequal; dissimilar
aniso
cell
cyt
abnormal; difficult; bad
dys
Red
erythro
iron
ferr-/ ferro-
pertaining to blood
hemo-/hemato
above; increased
hyper
under decreased
hypo
same; equal
iso
white
leuk-/leuko-
large; long
macro-
very large; huge
mega- giant;
after; next; change
meta
small
micro-
bone marrow
myel-/myelo-
bone marrow
myel-/myelo-
normal
normo
all; overall
pan-
vein
phleb
varied; irregular
poikilo-
varied; irregular
poikilo-
many
poly
before
pro-
split
schis
hard
scler-
thrombus
thromb-/ thromboclot;
youngest; nucleated
-blast
Colored
-chromic
cell
-cyte
in the blood
-emia
Inflammation
-itis
destruction; dissolving
-lysis
disease
-opathy
abnormal increase; disease
-osis
decreased; deficiency
-penia
attracted to; affinity for; increased
-phil/-philia/-philic
formation; cell production or repair
-plasia/ -plastic
cell production, formation, and development
poiesis
stimulates production
-poietin
Erythropoietin
erythro Red
poietin Stimulates production
Hematopoiesis
hemato Pertaining to blood
poiesis cell production, formation, and development
Megaloblast
megalo giant; very large; huge
blast youngest; nucleated
Aplastic anemia
a without; absent
plastic formation; cell production or repair
an without; absent
emia in the blood
Leokoerythroblastosis
leuko White
erythro Red
blast Immature
osis abnormal increase; disease
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
idiopathic Unknown cause thrombo clot; thrombus cyto Cell penic decreased; deficiency purpura purple
RBC, male
4.20–6.00
RBC, female
3.80–5.20
HGB, male
13.5–18.0 (135–180)
HGB, female
12.0–15.0 (120–150)
HCT, male
40–54
0.40–0.54
HCT, female
35–49
0.35–0.49
WBC
3.6–10.6
NEUT (ANC)
1.7–7.5
LYMPH
1.0–3.2
MONO
0.1–1.3
EO
0–0.3
BASO
0–0.2
PLT
150–450
N. bands
9–32
