Module 1 Flashcards
is the scientific study of blood and its components
Hematology
is the study of normal and pathologic conditions of blood and blood cells
Hematology
is the division of medicine associated with diagnostic laboratory of the formed elements of blood and their morphologies, blood disorders, and blood forming organs
Clinical Hematology
In the Clinical Laboratory, Hematology deals with two concerns
- defining normal and abnormal cells and cell values
- evaluating hemostatic mechanisms that include excessive bleeding, abnormal coagulation and thrombosis
Integral to the field of a Medical Laboratory Scientist is the awareness and management of [?], alongside with [?].
- laboratory safety
- reagent preparation and waste management
refer to anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm
Hazards
pertains to the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will happen
Risk
Workplaces are oftentimes characterized by presence of
Hazards
The consensus was that occupational safety was no longer just a moral obligation on the part of the employer but should already be a matter of
law enforcement
This led to the enactment of [?] which aims to provide all employees (clinical laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
It was enacted by the [?] in 1970 and has widely been adopted and used as a basis by other countries to come up with their own regulations concerning safety in the workplace
US congress
The [?] is the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the abovementioned act.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.
exposes its workers to a variety of hazards, some of which are not seen in other workplaces
clinical laboratory
the different classifications of laboratory hazards are:
Biohazard, Chemical Hazard, Fire Hazard, Electrical Hazard, Physical Hazard, Sharps Hazard, Ergonomic Hazard and Biohazards.
In the Hematology labortory, the most commonly encountered are biohazards that Include all [?].
pathogen/ disease-causing microorganisms
It is therefore crucial Medical Laboratory Scientists are knowledgable of
laboratory safety
set guidelines and regulations to prevent exposure to biohazards
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
mandates that personnel should treat all blood and bloodcontaminated samples as potentially infectious.
Universal Precautions (UP)
considers all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious.
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
which combined major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation.
Standard Precautions (SP)
It is the most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories
Standard Precautions (SP)
include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/ droplets
Standard Precautions (SP)
STEPS IN PROPER HANDWASHING
i. Wet hands with clean, running water and apply soap.
ii. Rub hands together to make a lather
iii. Rinse hand with water
iv. Dry hands with single-use towel and use towel to turn off the faucet.
According to WHO guidelines, rubbing of hands should last for AT LEAST
20 SECONDS
Proper duration of hand-rubbing is approximately equal to the duration of singing
2 HAPPY BIRTHDAY SONGS
As professionals, it is our responsibility to carefully manage our wastes so that the biohazards we are trying to avoid will not compromise
public health
are the simplest yet most effective means in delivering this responsibility
Proper waste segregation and disposal
General wastes; Dry, non-infectious
Black
Wet, non-infectious wastes
Green
Wet, infectious wastes
Yellow
Sharps
Puncture-proof containers (usually red)
Radioactive wastes
Orange
Chemical wastes
Yellow with black band
All, EXCEPT [?], must be placed in appropriate containers with the [?] symbol.
URINE
biohazard
can be readily discarded the laboratory sink.
Urine
The wastes will have to be [?] following institutional policy.
decontaminated
Most clinical laboratories follow the following:
- Soaking the sample in [?] or [?] for at least 15 minutes
- [?]
- Pickup by a [?]
- 5% Lysol or 10% sodium hypochlorite solution
- Autoclaving
- certified hazardous waste company
Laboratory sinks must be disinfected using a [?] on a DAILY basis.
1:5 or 1:10 DILUTION OF SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE
Capillary puncture is indicated for
adults and older children
Available veins are [?] or must be saved for other procedures such as chemotherapy.
fragile
Several unsuccessful venipunctures have been performed and the requested test can be collected by
capillary puncture
The patient has [?] or clot-forming tendencies.
thrombotic
The patient is [?] or has an intense fear of needles
apprehensive
There are no [?] veins.
accessible
To obtain blood for point-of-care test procedures such as
glucose monitoring
For [?] or scarred patients.
burned
[?] patients.
Obese
preferred method for infants and very young children (possibly younger than 2 years)
capillary puncture
Infants have a small blood volume which means removing quantities of blood typical for venipuncture or arterial puncture can lead to
anemia
Large quantities removed rapidly can cause
cardiac arrest
Obtaining blood from infants and children by venipuncture is difficult and may damage [?]
veins and surrounding tissues
Locating [?] that are large enough to accept even a small-gauge needle is difficult in these patients
superficial veins
Puncturing [?] can result in hemorrhage, venous thrombosis, infection and gangrene
deep veins
An infant or child can be injured by the [?] used while performing a venipuncture
restraining method
Capillary blood is the preferred specimen for some tests, such as
newborn screening tests and capillary blood gases
In using the syringe, [?] creates a vacuum within the barrel.
pulling the plunger
The [?] created while a needle is in the patient’s veins fills the syringe with blood.
vacuum
Take note that the larger the syringe,
the greater amount of vacuum obtained.
difficult-to-draw patients (veins are fragile, thin, or “rolly” veins that tend to collapse – pediatric and geriatric patients)
sample collection from the surface veins of the feet or back of the hands
Syringe Method
special procedures (blood is drawn and must be transferred to a different container)
Syringe Method
Too large a vacuum has the tendency to pull too hard on the vein leading it to
collapse
The use of syringe larger than [?] is not recommended.
10-15 mL
The assembly allows one point of the needle to be inserted into the vein, while the other point punctures the rubber stopper of the tube.
Evacuated System
The vacuum present inside the tube will be replaced by blood when the needle is inside the lumen of the vein.
Evacuated System
This method of collection is indicated for large volume collection but is not recommended for small, fragile veins.
Evacuated System
This method of collection is indicated for large volume collection but is not recommended for small, fragile veins.
Evacuated System
is a specialized liquid connective tissue comprising of plasma
and formed /cellular elements.
Blood
In a tube containing anticoagulated whole blood, centrifugation yields three layers:
the pale-yellow supernatant referred to as
the thin white layer known as the
lastly
- plasma
- buffy coat
- ## packed red cell fraction
Plasma makes up 55% of blood volume.
Plasma makes up [?] of blood volume.
55%
The major constituent of plasma is [?]; followed by [?] and [?].
- water (91.5%)
- plasma proteins (7%)
- other solutes (1.5%)
The proteins dissolved in plasma are
albumin (54%), globulins (38%), fibrinogen (7%) and the others at 1%.
The other solutes found in plasma are
electrolytes, nutrients, gases, regulatory substances and some metabolic waste products
A blood sample in a tube that has no anticoagulant yields [?] as its supernatant after centrifugation.
serum
is yellow in color and differs from plasma because of the absence of coagulation proteins such as fibrinogen
Serum
or blood cells are a heterogenous group that perform different functions in the body.
Hemocytes
Hemocytes:
erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes.
without; absent
a-/an-
unequal; dissimilar
aniso-
unequal; dissimilar
aniso-
cell
cyt-
abnormal; difficult; bad
dys-
Red
erythro-
iron
ferr-/ ferro-
pertaining to blood
hemo-/hemato
above; increased
hyper-
under decreased
hypo-
same; equal
iso-
white
leuk-/leuko-
long
macro- large;
very large; huge
mega- giant;
after; next; change
meta-
small
micro-
bone marrow
myel-/myelo-
normal
normo-
all; overall
pan-
vein
phleb-
varied; irregular
poikilo-
many
poly-
before
pro-
split
schis-
hard
scler-
thrombus
thromb-/ thromboclot;
youngest; nucleated
-blast
Colored
-chromic
cell
-cyte
in the blood
-emia
Inflammation
-itis
destruction; dissolving
-lysis
destruction; dissolving
-lysis
disease
-opathy
abnormal increase; disease
-osis
decreased; deficiency
-penia
attracted to; affinity for; increased
-phil/-philia/-philic
attracted to; affinity for; increased
-phil/-philia/-philic
formation; cell production or repair
-plasia/ -plastic
-poiesis
cell production, formation, and development
-poiesis
stimulates production
-poietin
