Module 4: Cognitive Theories Flashcards
Fear
+ fight or flight response
+ evolutionary adaptation
+ white with fear, trembling, faster breathing, increase in glucose, pupil dilate, hearing become more acute, digestive system stops, pressure to urinate, defecate, vomit to reduce waste materials
Introjection
direct all their feelings for the loved one, including sadness and anger, toward themselves
Symbolic or Imagined Loss
+ person equates other kinds of events with the loss of a loved one
+ does not necessarily involve death of a person
e.g., an athlete got injured and can no longer do
the sport they have been doing for a long time
Introjected Loss
involves the actual death of a person
Attributional Style
ways in which people explain the cause of events within their lives
Types of Attributional Styles
- Internal-External
- Stable-Unstable
- Global-Specific
Internal-External
+ who or what is responsible for the event
+ whether something unique about the person (internal) or something about the situation caused the event (external)
Stable-Unstable
Attributional Styles
+ perceived permanence of the cause
+ an event can be viewed as constant and likely to happen again (stable) or it only happens once (unstable)
Global-Specific
Attributional Styles
universal throughout your life (global) or specific to a part of your life (specific)
Cognitive Theory of Depression
+ persons susceptible to depression develop inaccurate/unhelpful core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world as a result of their learning histories
+ depressed people consistently think in illogical ways and keep arriving at self-defeating conclusions
+ tends to overgeneralize (draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of single insignificant event) [cognitive bias]
Depressive Cognitive Triad
+ depressed people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, immediate world, and their future
+ series of negative events in childhood, individuals may develop deep-seated negative schema, an enduring negative cognitive-belief system about some aspect of life
Beck Hopelessness Scale
The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) is a 20-item self-report inventory developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck that was designed to measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. It is a true-false test is designed for adults, age 17–80.
Negative Schema
an enduring negative cognitive system about some aspects in life
Self-Blame Schema
people feel personally responsible for every bad happenings
Negative Self-Evaluation Schema
“can never do anything correctly”
False Consensus Effect (False Consensus Bias)
people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of the others (“Everyone shares the same opinion as me.”)
What are the different negative cognitive styles?
- Dichotomous Thinking/Absolutist/Black and White Thinking
- Overgeneralization
- Personalization
- Selective Abstraction
- Arbitrary Inference
- Labeling and Mislabeling
- Minimization
- Magnification
Dichotomous Thinking/Absolutist/Black and White Thinking
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ seeing only of the extremes of things, never the middle
+ “either I ace this test or fail”
Overgeneralization
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ making generalizations about a negative aspect
+ “I failed in physics class, I don’t think I’ll be able to graduate college”
Personalization
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection
+ egocentric thinking, everything is about him
+ “It’s my fault as to why the kid cried.”
Selective Abstraction
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ focuses on the negative
+ detail is taken out of context and believed whilst everything else in the context is ignored
+ almost good feedback except for one/focused on that single feedback
Arbitrary Interference
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ evident when depressed individuals emphasize the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation
+ only accepts negative thoughts
+ no logical reasoning
+ interpreting a situation when there is no factual evidence
+ passed, “chamba”, negative, “Is it my fault?”
Labeling and Mislabeling
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity
+ e.g., bullied for being dark skinned, “I am ugly”
Minimization
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ downplaying the significance of an event or emotion
+ common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt
+ e.g. “Parang nakakarami ka na ah.”
“Hala, nakakasampung bote pa lang.”
Magnification
Negative Cognitive Styles
+ effects of one’s behaviors are magnified
+ there is some stain on one’s clothes, “They might think I don’t do my laundry.”
General Adaptation to Stress Theory
understanding the relationship between stressful events and the body’s response to stress
Important terms under general adaptation to stress theory
+ Alarm
+ Resistance
+ Exhaustion
Alarm
fight-or-flight response
Resistance
coping mechanisms
Exhaustion
body defense resources are depleted
Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory
stress is a two-way process, it involves a production of stressors and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors
Primary Appraisal
+ an individual tends to ask questions like, “What does this stressors and/or situation mean?”, and “How can it influence me?”
+ understanding the stress
Secondary Appraisal
+ involves those feelings related to dealing with the stressor or the stress it produces
+ deals with the stressor
+ starts to assess internal and external resources available to solve the problem
+ Positive: “I can do it if I do my best.”
+ Negative: “I cannot do it.”
Types of Memory Disorders
- Anosognosia
- Confabulation
- Disorientation
- De Javu
- Jamais Vu
- Hypermnesia
- Paramnesia
- Amnesia
Anosognosia
no memories of his own illness
Confabulation
filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences
Disorientation
cannot identify or recognize time, places, and persons
De Javu
unfamiliar perceived as familiar
Jamais Vu
familiar perceived as unfamiliar
Hypermnesia
increased memory
Paramnesia
false or perverted memory
Amnesia
loss of memory
Types of Amnesia
- Biogenic
- Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional
Biogenic
caused by brain damage or disease
Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional
caused by psychological trauma, repressed memories
Types of Biogenic Amnesia
- Retrograde
- Anterograde
Retrograde Amnesia
inability to retrieve information that was acquired before (remote memory loss)
Anterograde
inability to transfer new information from the short-term store to long-term store (recent memory loss)
Types of Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional Amnesia
- Generalized
- Localized
- Selective
- Situation-Specific
- Global
Generalized Amnesia
origin is rare psychological disorder and spontaneous recovery from amnesia in a comparatively short period of time
Localized
no memory of specific events
Selective Amnesia
can only recall only small parts of events
Situation-Specific Amnesia
result of a severely stressful event, as part of PTSD
Global Amnesia
cannot recall both past and present; total memory loss
Memory
the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information
Types of Memory
- Declarative
- Procedural
- Semantic
- Episodic
Declarative Memory
factual information
Procedural Memory
skills and habits
Semantic Memory
general knowledge and facts, logic
Episodic Memory
events that occur in a particular time, place, or context
Three-System Approach to Memory
information must travel if it is remembered
Sensory
initial storage of information as perceived by the senses
Short-Term Memory
holds info for 15 to 20 seconds
Long-Term Memory
stores on a relatively permanent basis, although at all times, it can be difficult to retrieve
Chunks
meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in STM
Rehearsal
repetition of information that has entered the short-term memory
Repetitive
as long as it is repeated, it states the short-term memory
Elaborative
Rehearsal
transfers info to long-term memory
Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon
inability to recall information that one realizes one knows
Retrieval Cue
allow us to recall more easily
Recall
memory task in which specific information is retrieved
Recognition
individual is presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from the list of alternatives
Levels-Of-Processing Theory
degree to which new material is mentally analyzed
Implicit Memory
can be recalled automatically without thinking
Explicit Memory
requires conscious retrieval of information
Constructive Processes
memories are influenced by the meaning we give to them
Autobiographical
episodes from our own lives
Flashbulb Memories
specific or surprising events that are so vivid in memory it as if they represented a snapshot of the event
Forgetting
+ permits us to form general impressions and recollections
+ helps us avoid being burdened and distracted by trivial stores of meaningless data
Failure of Encoding
failure to pay attention and place information in memory
Decay
loss of information due to non-use
Cue-Depending Forgetting
insufficient retrieval cues
Proactive Interference
learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material; you forget the new info
Retroactive Interference
difficulty in recalling info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material; you forget the old info
Learned Helplessness
+ Martin Seligman (and colleagues)
+ if they learn that nothing they do helps them avoid the shocks, they eventually become helpless, give up, and manifest an animal equivalent of depression
+ anxiety is the first response to a stressful situation
Aaron T. Beck
suggested that depression may result from a tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way
Lewinshon’s Behavioral Theory
depression is caused by a combination of stressors in a person’s environment and a lack of personal skills
