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tos abpsych > Module 4: Cognitive Theories > Flashcards

Module 4: Cognitive Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Fear

A

+ fight or flight response
+ evolutionary adaptation
+ white with fear, trembling, faster breathing, increase in glucose, pupil dilate, hearing become more acute, digestive system stops, pressure to urinate, defecate, vomit to reduce waste materials

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2
Q

Introjection

A

direct all their feelings for the loved one, including sadness and anger, toward themselves

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3
Q

Symbolic or Imagined Loss

A

+ person equates other kinds of events with the loss of a loved one
+ does not necessarily involve death of a person

e.g., an athlete got injured and can no longer do
the sport they have been doing for a long time

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4
Q

Introjected Loss

A

involves the actual death of a person

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5
Q

Attributional Style

A

ways in which people explain the cause of events within their lives

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6
Q

Types of Attributional Styles

A
  1. Internal-External
  2. Stable-Unstable
  3. Global-Specific
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7
Q

Internal-External

A

+ who or what is responsible for the event
+ whether something unique about the person (internal) or something about the situation caused the event (external)

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8
Q

Stable-Unstable

A

+ perceived permanence of the cause
+ an event can be viewed as constant and likely to happen again (stable) or it only happens once (unstable)

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9
Q

Global-Specific

A

universal throughout your life (global) or specific to a part of your life (specific)

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10
Q

Cognitive Theory of Depression

A

+ persons susceptible to depression develop inaccurate/unhelpful core beliefs about themselves, others, and the world as a result of their learning histories
+ depressed people consistently think in illogical ways and keep arriving at self-defeating conclusions
+ tends to overgeneralize (draw broad negative conclusions on the basis of single insignificant event) [cognitive bias]

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11
Q

Depressive Cognitive Triad

A

+ depressed people make cognitive errors in thinking negatively about themselves, immediate world, and their future
+ series of negative events in childhood, individuals may develop deep-seated negative schema, an enduring negative cognitive-belief system about some aspect of life

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12
Q

Beck Hopelessness Scale

A

The Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS) is a 20-item self-report inventory developed by Dr. Aaron T. Beck that was designed to measure three major aspects of hopelessness: feelings about the future, loss of motivation, and expectations. It is a true-false test is designed for adults, age 17–80.

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13
Q

Negative Schema

A

an enduring negative cognitive system about some aspects in life

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14
Q

Self-Blame Schema

A

people feel personally responsible for every bad happenings

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15
Q

Negative Self-Evaluation Schema

A

“can never do anything correctly”

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16
Q

False Consensus Effect (False Consensus Bias)

A

people tend to overestimate the extent to which their opinions, beliefs, preferences, values, and habits are normal and typical of the others (“Everyone shares the same opinion as me.”)

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17
Q

What are the different negative cognitive styles?

A
  1. Dichotomous Thinking/Absolutist/Black and White Thinking
  2. Overgeneralization
  3. Personalization
  4. Selective Abstraction
  5. Arbitrary Inference
  6. Labeling and Mislabeling
  7. Minimization
  8. Magnification
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18
Q

Dichotomous Thinking/Absolutist/Black and White Thinking

A

+ seeing only of the extremes of things, never the middle
+ “either I ace this test or fail”

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19
Q

Overgeneralization

A

+ making generalizations about a negative aspect
+ “I failed in physics class, I don’t think I’ll be able to graduate college”

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20
Q

Personalization

A

+ tendency for individuals to relate external events to themselves, even when there is no basis for making this connection
+ egocentric thinking, everything is about him
+ “It’s my fault as to why the kid cried.”

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21
Q

Selective Abstraction

A

+ focuses on the negative
+ detail is taken out of context and believed whilst everything else in the context is ignored
+ almost good feedback except for one/focused on that single feedback

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22
Q

Arbitrary Interference

A

+ evident when depressed individuals emphasize the negative rather than the positive aspects of a situation
+ only accepts negative thoughts
+ no logical reasoning
+ interpreting a situation when there is no factual evidence
+ passed, “chamba”, negative, “Is it my fault?”

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23
Q

Labeling and Mislabeling

A

+ portraying one’s identity on the basis of imperfections and mistakes made in the past and allowing them to define one’s true identity
+ e.g., bullied for being dark skinned, “I am ugly”

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24
Q

Minimization

A

+ downplaying the significance of an event or emotion
+ common strategy in dealing with feelings of guilt
+ e.g. “Parang nakakarami ka na ah.”
“Hala, nakakasampung bote pa lang.”

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25
Q

Magnification

A

+ effects of one’s behaviors are magnified
+ there is some stain on one’s clothes, “They might think I don’t do my laundry.”

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26
Q

General Adaptation to Stress Theory

A

understanding the relationship between stressful events and the body’s response to stress

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27
Q

Important terms under general adaptation to stress theory

A

+ Alarm
+ Resistance
+ Exhaustion

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28
Q

Alarm

A

fight-or-flight response

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29
Q

Resistance

A

coping mechanisms

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30
Q

Exhaustion

A

body defense resources are depleted

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31
Q

Stress-Appraisal/Cognitive Appraisal Theory

A

stress is a two-way process, it involves a production of stressors and the response of an individual subjected to these stressors

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32
Q

Primary Appraisal

A

+ an individual tends to ask questions like, “What does this stressors and/or situation mean?”, and “How can it influence me?”
+ understanding the stress

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33
Q

Secondary Appraisal

A

+ involves those feelings related to dealing with the stressor or the stress it produces
+ deals with the stressor
+ starts to assess internal and external resources available to solve the problem
+ Positive: “I can do it if I do my best.”
+ Negative: “I cannot do it.”

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34
Q

Types of Memory Disorders

A
  1. Anosognosia
  2. Confabulation
  3. Disorientation
  4. De Javu
  5. Jamais Vu
  6. Hypermnesia
  7. Paramnesia
  8. Amnesia
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35
Q

Anosognosia

A

no memories of his own illness

36
Q

Confabulation

A

filling in memory gaps with imaginary experiences

37
Q

Disorientation

A

cannot identify or recognize time, places, and persons

38
Q

De Javu

A

unfamiliar perceived as familiar

39
Q

Jamais Vu

A

familiar perceived as unfamiliar

40
Q

Hypermnesia

A

increased memory

41
Q

Paramnesia

A

false or perverted memory

42
Q

Amnesia

A

loss of memory

43
Q

Types of Amnesia

A
  1. Biogenic
  2. Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional
44
Q

Biogenic

A

caused by brain damage or disease

45
Q

Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional

A

caused by psychological trauma, repressed memories

46
Q

Types of Biogenic

A
  1. Retrograde
  2. Anterograde
47
Q

Retrograde

A

inability to retrieve information that was acquired before (remote memory loss)

48
Q

Anterograde

A

inability to transfer new information from the short-term store to long-term store (recent memory loss)

49
Q

Types of Psychogenic or Dissociative or Functional Amnesia

A
  1. Generalized
  2. Localized
  3. Selective
  4. Situation-Specific
  5. Global
50
Q

Generalized

A

origin is rare psychological disorder and spontaneous recovery from amnesia in a comparatively short period of time

51
Q

Localized

A

no memory of specific events

52
Q

Selective

A

can only recall only small parts of events

53
Q

Situation-Specific

A

result of a severely stressful event, as part of PTSD

54
Q

Global

A

cannot recall both past and present; total memory loss

55
Q

Memory

A

the process by which we encode, store, and retrieve information

56
Q

Types of Memory

A
  1. Declarative
  2. Procedural
  3. Semantic
  4. Episodic
57
Q

Declarative Memory

A

factual information

58
Q

Procedural Memory

A

skills and habits

59
Q

Semantic Memory

A

general knowledge and facts, logic

60
Q

Episodic Memory

A

events that occur in a particular time, place, or context

61
Q

Three-System Approach to Memory

A

information must travel if it is remembered

62
Q

Sensory

A

initial storage of information as perceived by the senses

63
Q

Short-Term Memory

A

holds info for 15 to 20 seconds

64
Q

Long-Term Memory

A

stores on a relatively permanent basis, although at all times, it can be difficult to retrieve

65
Q

Chunks

A

meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in STM

66
Q

Rehearsal

A

repetition of information that has entered the short-term memory

67
Q

Repetitive

A

as long as it is repeated, it states the short-term memory

68
Q

Elaborative

A

transfers info to long-term memory

69
Q

Tip-of-the-Tongue Phenomenon

A

inability to recall information that one realizes one knows

70
Q

Retrieval Cue

A

allow us to recall more easily

71
Q

Recall

A

memory task in which specific information is retrieved

72
Q

Recognition

A

individual is presented with a stimulus and asked whether they have been exposed to it in the past or to identify it from the list of alternatives

73
Q

Levels-Of-Processing Theory

A

degree to which new material is mentally analyzed

74
Q

Implicit Memory

A

can be recalled automatically without thinking

75
Q

Explicit Memory

A

requires conscious retrieval of information

76
Q

Constructive Processes

A

memories are influenced by the meaning we give to them

77
Q

Autobiographical

A

episodes from our own lives

78
Q

Flashbulb Memories

A

specific or surprising events that are so vivid in memory it as if they represented a snapshot of the event

79
Q

Forgetting

A

+ permits us to form general impressions and recollections
+ helps us avoid being burdened and distracted by trivial stores of meaningless data

80
Q

Failure of Encoding

A

failure to pay attention and place information in memory

81
Q

Decay

A

loss of information due to non-use

82
Q

Cue-Depending Forgetting

A

insufficient retrieval cues

83
Q

Proactive Interference

A

learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material; you forget the new info

84
Q

Retroactive Interference

A

difficulty in recalling info learned earlier because of later exposure to different material; you forget the old info

85
Q

Learned Helplessness

A

+ Martin Seligman (and colleagues)
+ if they learn that nothing they do helps them avoid the shocks, they eventually become helpless, give up, and manifest an animal equivalent of depression
+ anxiety is the first response to a stressful situation

86
Q

Aaron T. Beck

A

suggested that depression may result from a tendency to interpret everyday events in a negative way

87
Q

Lewinshon’s Behavioral Theory

A

depression is caused by a combination of stressors in a person’s environment and a lack of personal skills

tos abpsych (35 decks)

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