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tos abpsych > Module 22: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder > Flashcards

Module 22: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder Flashcards

1
Q

Substance

A

chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior

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2
Q

Psychoactive substances

A

alter mood, behavior, or both

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3
Q

Substance Use

A

ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning

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4
Q

Substance Intoxication

A

physiological reaction to ingested substances

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5
Q

Substance Use Disorders

A

how much of a substance is ingested is problematic

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6
Q

Physiological Dependence

A

meaning the use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)

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7
Q

Alcohol

A

+ produced when certain yeast react with
sugar and water, then fermentation takes place
+ depressant

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8
Q

What happens to individuals when they drink alcohol?

A

inhibitions are reduced and we become more outgoing

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9
Q

What happens to the brain when individuals drink too much alcohol?

A

with more drinking, alcohol depresses the brain which impedes the functioning

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10
Q

What are the different disorders that an individual may be susceptible to because of too much alcohol?

A
  1. Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)
  2. Breathalyzer
  3. Dementia
  4. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
  5. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
  6. Alcohol Dehydrogenase
  7. Korsakoff syndrome
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11
Q

Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)

A

condition that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors

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12
Q

Breathalyzer

A

measures levels of intoxication

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13
Q

What hormone is sensitive to alcohol?

A

GABA seems to be particularly sensitive to alcohol

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14
Q

What system is involved on heightening the effects of alcohol?

A

The Glutamate system is involve why alcohol affects our cognitive abilities

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15
Q

What are the two types of organic brain syndromes that may result from long-term alcohol use?

A
  1. Dementia
  2. Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
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16
Q

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

A

Confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech, believed to be cause by a deficiency of thiamine

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17
Q

Alcohol Dehydrogenase

A

metabolize alcohol

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18
Q

Korsakoff syndrome

A

+ is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1)
+ Korsakoff syndrome is mostly caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome

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19
Q

What are the four stages in the Four-Stage Model for the progression of Alcoholism?

A
  1. Pre-Alcoholic Stage
  2. Prodromal Stage
  3. Crucial Stage
  4. Chronic Stage
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20
Q

Pre-Alcoholic Stage

A

drinking occasionally with few serious consequences

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21
Q

Prodromal Stage

A

drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem

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22
Q

Crucial Stage

A

loss of control, with occasional binges

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23
Q

Chronic Stage

A

primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol

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24
Q

Caffeine

A

+ most common psychoactive substance
+ “gentle stimulant”
+ found in tea, coffee, soda, and cocoa products

25
Q

Cannabis (Marijuana)

A

reactions include mood swings or even dream-like experiences

26
Q

What do chronic users of cannabis (marijuana) report about how they feel after marijuana?

A

chronic and heavy users report tolerance, especially to euphoric high: they are unable to reach the levels of pleasure they experienced earlier

27
Q

Hallucinogens

A

most common, “LSD” produced synthetically in the laboratory

28
Q

What are some examples of hallucinogens?

A
  1. psilocybin (mushroom),
  2. lysergic acid amide (seeds of morning glory plant),
  3. dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and
  4. mescaline
  5. phencyclidine (PCP)
29
Q

Phencyclidine (PCP)

A

is snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously, and it causes impulsivity and aggressiveness

30
Q

Inhalant

A

solvents, aerosol sprays, gases, nitrites, usually found at home or workplace

31
Q

Opioid

A

+ natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have narcotic effect (relieves pain and induce sleep)
+ includes natural opiates, synthetic variation, and the comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain
+ also includes Heroin

32
Q

Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-

A

calming, sleep-inducing, and anxiety reducing

33
Q

What are considered as Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- substances?

A

includes barbiturates and benzodiazepines

34
Q

Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines

A

barbiturates and benzodiazepines relax the muscles and can produce mild feeling of well being

35
Q

What can be fatal when combined with Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- substances?

A

combining alcohol with these substances can be fatal (Manilyn Monroe case)

36
Q

Stimulant

A

most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs in US

37
Q

Amphetamine

A

can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue; prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD

38
Q

What substances are considered as stimulants?

A

includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine

39
Q

What are some variants of amphetamine?

A

another variants of Amphetamine are Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine or ecstasy club drug (makes you feel euphoric) and methamphetamine (crystal meth)

40
Q

Cocaine

A

increases alertness, produces euphoria, increases blood pressure and pulse, and causes insomnia and loss of appetite

41
Q

What can intranasal or oral use of substances result into?

A

Intranasal use and oral use of substances result in more gradual progression occurring over months to years

42
Q

Tobacco

A

contains nicotine

43
Q

What is tobacco linked to?

A

linked with signs of negative affect such as depression, anxiety, and anger

44
Q

What can increase the risk of smoking?

A

being depressed increases your risk of becoming dependent on nicotine and, at the same time, being dependent will increase your risk of becoming depressed

45
Q

Acute alcohol withdrawal

A

occurs as an episode usually lasting 4-5 days and only after extended periods of heavy drinking

46
Q

Who are the individuals that are less likely to undergo acute alcohol withdrawal?

A

Withdrawal is rare for individuals younger than 30 years

47
Q

When do symptoms of an alcohol-induced mental disorder remain clinically relevant?

A

The symptoms of an alcohol-induced mental disorder are likely to remain clinically relevant as long as the individual continues to experience severe intoxication or withdrawal

48
Q

What is a big factor in how people experience and metabolize certain drugs?

A

Genetic factors may affect how people experience and metabolize certain drugs

49
Q

Opponent-Process Theory

A

an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa

50
Q

Expectancy Effect

A

expectancies develop before people actually use drugs, perhaps as a result of loved one’s use, advertising, etc.

51
Q

What are possible treatments for disorders as a result of alcohol?

A
  1. Nicotine replacement therapy
  2. Bupropion
  3. Naltrexone
  4. Acamprosate
  5. Disulfiram
  6. Methadone
  7. Buprenorphine
  8. Aversion Therapy
  9. In-patient treatments
  10. Aversion Therapy
52
Q

Cross-Tolerance

A

tolerance for a substance has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it

53
Q

Synergistic Effect

A

an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time

54
Q

Gambling Disorder

A

persistent and recurring gambling behavior

55
Q

How many symptoms should be present for an individual to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?

A

at least 4-symptoms within 12 months

56
Q

When does the onset of gambling disorder usually occur?

A

Onset can occur during adolescence or young adulthood but in other individuals it manifests during middle or even older adulthood

57
Q

In terms of sex, who is most likely to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?

A

Progression appears to be more rapid in women than in men

58
Q

When should gambling disorder be diagnosed in an individual?

A

An additional diagnosis of gambling disorder should be given only if the gambling behavior is not better explained by manic episodes

59
Q

What is gambling disorder associated with?

A

associated with poor general health

tos abpsych (35 decks)

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