Module 22: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorder Flashcards
Substance
chemical compounds that are ingested to alter mood or behavior
Psychoactive substances
alter mood, behavior, or both
Substance Use
ingestion of psychoactive substances in moderate amounts that does not significantly interfere with social, educational, or occupational functioning
Substance Intoxication
physiological reaction to ingested substances
Substance Use Disorders
how much of a substance is ingested is problematic
Physiological Dependence
meaning the use of increasingly greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect (tolerance) and a negative physical response when the substance is no longer ingested (withdrawal)
Alcohol
+ produced when certain yeast react with
sugar and water, then fermentation takes place
+ depressant
What happens to individuals when they drink alcohol?
inhibitions are reduced and we become more outgoing
What happens to the brain when individuals drink too much alcohol?
with more drinking, alcohol depresses the brain which impedes the functioning
What are the different disorders that an individual may be susceptible to because of too much alcohol?
- Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)
- Breathalyzer
- Dementia
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
- Alcohol Dehydrogenase
- Korsakoff syndrome
Withdrawal Delirium (Delirium Tremens)
condition that can produce frightening hallucinations and body tremors
Breathalyzer
measures levels of intoxication
What hormone is sensitive to alcohol?
GABA seems to be particularly sensitive to alcohol
What system is involved on heightening the effects of alcohol?
The Glutamate system is involve why alcohol affects our cognitive abilities
What are the two types of organic brain syndromes that may result from long-term alcohol use?
- Dementia
- Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome
Confusion, loss of muscle coordination, and unintelligible speech, believed to be cause by a deficiency of thiamine
Alcohol Dehydrogenase
metabolize alcohol
Korsakoff syndrome
+ is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of thiamine (vitamin B-1)
+ Korsakoff syndrome is mostly caused by alcohol misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome
What are the four stages in the Four-Stage Model for the progression of Alcoholism?
- Pre-Alcoholic Stage
- Prodromal Stage
- Crucial Stage
- Chronic Stage
Pre-Alcoholic Stage
drinking occasionally with few serious consequences
Prodromal Stage
drinking heavily but with few outward signs of a problem
Crucial Stage
loss of control, with occasional binges
Chronic Stage
primary daily activities involve getting and drinking alcohol
Caffeine
+ most common psychoactive substance
+ “gentle stimulant”
+ found in tea, coffee, soda, and cocoa products
Cannabis (Marijuana)
reactions include mood swings or even dream-like experiences
What do chronic users of cannabis (marijuana) report about how they feel after marijuana?
chronic and heavy users report tolerance, especially to euphoric high: they are unable to reach the levels of pleasure they experienced earlier
Hallucinogens
most common, “LSD” produced synthetically in the laboratory
What are some examples of hallucinogens?
- psilocybin (mushroom),
- lysergic acid amide (seeds of morning glory plant),
- dimethyltryptamine (DMT), and
- mescaline
- phencyclidine (PCP)
Phencyclidine (PCP)
is snorted, smoked, or injected intravenously, and it causes impulsivity and aggressiveness
Inhalant
solvents, aerosol sprays, gases, nitrites, usually found at home or workplace
Opioid
+ natural chemicals in the opium poppy that have narcotic effect (relieves pain and induce sleep)
+ includes natural opiates, synthetic variation, and the comparable substances that occur naturally in the brain
+ also includes Heroin
Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic-
calming, sleep-inducing, and anxiety reducing
What are considered as Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- substances?
includes barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines
barbiturates and benzodiazepines relax the muscles and can produce mild feeling of well being
What can be fatal when combined with Sedative-, Hypnotic-, or Anxiolytic- substances?
combining alcohol with these substances can be fatal (Manilyn Monroe case)
Stimulant
most commonly consumed psychoactive drugs in US
Amphetamine
can induce feelings of elation and vigor and can reduce fatigue; prescribed to people with narcolepsy and ADHD
What substances are considered as stimulants?
includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine
What are some variants of amphetamine?
another variants of Amphetamine are Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine or ecstasy club drug (makes you feel euphoric) and methamphetamine (crystal meth)
Cocaine
increases alertness, produces euphoria, increases blood pressure and pulse, and causes insomnia and loss of appetite
What can intranasal or oral use of substances result into?
Intranasal use and oral use of substances result in more gradual progression occurring over months to years
Tobacco
contains nicotine
What is tobacco linked to?
linked with signs of negative affect such as depression, anxiety, and anger
What can increase the risk of smoking?
being depressed increases your risk of becoming dependent on nicotine and, at the same time, being dependent will increase your risk of becoming depressed
Acute alcohol withdrawal
occurs as an episode usually lasting 4-5 days and only after extended periods of heavy drinking
Who are the individuals that are less likely to undergo acute alcohol withdrawal?
Withdrawal is rare for individuals younger than 30 years
When do symptoms of an alcohol-induced mental disorder remain clinically relevant?
The symptoms of an alcohol-induced mental disorder are likely to remain clinically relevant as long as the individual continues to experience severe intoxication or withdrawal
What is a big factor in how people experience and metabolize certain drugs?
Genetic factors may affect how people experience and metabolize certain drugs
Opponent-Process Theory
an increase in positive feelings will be followed shortly by an increase in negative feelings and vice versa
Expectancy Effect
expectancies develop before people actually use drugs, perhaps as a result of loved one’s use, advertising, etc.
What are possible treatments for disorders as a result of alcohol?
- Nicotine replacement therapy
- Bupropion
- Naltrexone
- Acamprosate
- Disulfiram
- Methadone
- Buprenorphine
- Aversion Therapy
- In-patient treatments
- Aversion Therapy
Cross-Tolerance
tolerance for a substance has not taken before as a result of using another substance similar to it
Synergistic Effect
an increase of effects that occurs when more than one substance is acting on the body at the same time
Gambling Disorder
persistent and recurring gambling behavior
How many symptoms should be present for an individual to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?
at least 4-symptoms within 12 months
When does the onset of gambling disorder usually occur?
Onset can occur during adolescence or young adulthood but in other individuals it manifests during middle or even older adulthood
In terms of sex, who is most likely to be diagnosed with gambling disorder?
Progression appears to be more rapid in women than in men
When should gambling disorder be diagnosed in an individual?
An additional diagnosis of gambling disorder should be given only if the gambling behavior is not better explained by manic episodes
What is gambling disorder associated with?
associated with poor general health
