Module 24: Personality Disorders Flashcards
What are the Cluster A Personality Disorders?
- Paranoid
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal
Paranoid Personality Disorder
+ excessively mistrustful and suspicious of others, without justification
+ problems with close relationships
+ overt argumentativeness, in recurrent complaining, or by hostile aloofness
+ need to have a high degree of control over those around them
+ rigid, critical of others, and unable to collaborate, although they have great difficulty accepting criticism themselves
+ too much use of projection
When is paranoid personality disorder more common?
more common among relatives who have schizophrenia
What is the reason for paranoid personality disorder?
maybe due to early mistreatment or traumatic childhood experiences
What is paranoid personality disorder associated with?
associated with prior history of childhood mistreatment, externalizing symptoms, bullying, and adult appearance of interpersonal aggression
What do people with paranoid personality disorder believe in?
“I cannot trust people”
What is the gender proportion for individuals with paranoid personality disorder?
Males = Females
What may individuals with paranoid personality disorder experience?
may experience brief psychotic episodes
What may individuals with paranoid personality disorder develop?
may develop MDD, Agoraphobia, and OCD
What may paranoid personality disorder be comorbid with?
most common co-occurring PD appear to be schizotypal, schizoid, narcissistic, avoidant, and borderline
Schizoid Personality Disorder
+ detachment from social relationships and limited range of emotions
+ difficulty expressing anger, even in response to direct provocation, which contributes to the impression that they lack emotion
+ tendency to turn inward and away from the outside world
+ believes that “Relationships are messy and undesirable”
+ sometimes, experience brief psychotic episodes
What is a precursor to later schizoid personality disorder?
childhood shyness is reported as a precursor to later personality disorder
What is the gender proportion for schizoid personality disorder?
Males > Females
What do individuals with schizoid personality have difficulty expressing?
difficulty expressing anger, even in response to direct provocation, which contributes to the impression that they lack emotion
What do individuals with schizoid personality have a tendency to do?
tendency to turn inward and away from the outside world
What do individuals with schizoid personality believe in about relationships?
believes that “Relationships are messy and undesirable”
Do individuals with schizoid personality experience brief psychotic episodes?
sometimes, experience brief psychotic episodes
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
+ typically socially isolated and behave in ways that would seem unusual to many of us, and they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs
+ has ideas of reference
+ have odd beliefs or engage in magical thinking
+ associated with childhood mistreatment and could be resulted from PTSD symptoms
+ “It is better to be isolated from others”
+ often seek treatment for the associated symptoms of anxiety or depression rather than PD
Ideas of Reference
false beliefs that random or irrelevant occurrences in the world directly relate to oneself
What is schizotypal personality disorder characterized by?
+ typically socially isolated and behave in ways that would seem unusual to many of us, and they tend to be suspicious and to have odd beliefs
+ have odd beliefs or engage in magical thinking
What is schizotypal personality disorder associated with?
associated with childhood mistreatment and could be resulted from PTSD symptoms
What is a belief of people with schizotypal personality disorder?
“It is better to be isolated from others”
What are the different Cluster B personality disorders?
- Histrionic
- Borderline
- Narcissistic
- Antisocial
Histrionic Personality Disorder
+ tend to be overly dramatic and almost to be acting
+ express emotions in an exaggerated manner
+ characterized by social dominance
+ more likely to get divorced or never get married
+ have tendency to get bored with their usual routine
+ histrionic and antisocial co-occur more often
+ “ako ang bida”
What is histrionic personality disorder characterized by?
+ tend to be overly dramatic and almost to be acting
+ characterized by social dominance
How do individuals with histrionic personality disorder express themselves?
express emotions in an exaggerated manner
What kind of marriage are individuals with histrionic personality disorder most likely to have?
more likely to get divorced or never get married
What is another personality disorder that often co-occurs with histrionic personality disorder?
histrionic and antisocial co-occur more often
What kind of belief do individuals with histrionic personality disorder mostly have?
“ako ang bida”
What is the gender proportion for histrionic personality disorder?
Females > Males
Borderline Personality Disorder
+ moods and relationships are unstable, and usually they have poor self-image
+ have pattern of undermining themselves at the moment the goal is about to be realized
+ may feel more secure with transitional object than interpersonal relationships
+ often feel empty and are great risk of dying by their own hands
+ often engage to suicidal behaviors
+ tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions
+ often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time
+ prevalent in families with history of mood disorders
+ if co-occurs with mood disorders, both are diagnosed
+ recovery is more difficult and less stable
+ “sad gorl iz me”
What is borderline personality disorder characterized by?
+ moods and relationships are unstable, and usually they have poor self-image
+ often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time
What pattern of behavior do individuals with borderline personality disorder have?
have pattern of undermining themselves at the moment the goal is about to be realized
When do individuals with borderline personality disorder feel secure?
may feel more secure with transitional object than interpersonal relationships
What kind of behaviors do people with borderline personality disorder often engage in?
+ often feel empty and are great risk of dying by their own hands
+ often engage to suicidal behaviors
+ often intense, going from anger to deep depression in a short time
What kind of relationships do individuals with borderline personality disorders have?
tend to have turbulent relationships, fearing abandonment but lacking control over their emotions
In what kind of families is borderline personality disorder most prevalent in?
prevalent in families with history of mood disorders
What disorders are comorbid with borderline personality disorder?
+ if co-occurs with mood disorders, both are diagnosed
+ common co-occurring disorders incl. depressive and bipolar disorders, substance use disorders, anxiety disorders, eating disorders, PTSD, and ADHD
What belief do individuals with borderline personality disorder often have?
“sad gorl iz me”
What is the gender proportion for individuals who have borderline personality disorder?
Females = Males
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
+ they consider themselves different from others and deserve special treatment
+ unreasonable sense of self-importance and are so preoccupied with themselves that they lack sensitivity and compassion
+ grandiosity
+ very sensitive to criticism
+ interpersonal relations are typically impaired because of problems related to self-preoccupation, entitlement, need for admiration, and relative disregard for sensitivities of others
+ “I am the greatest in the world”
What are individuals with narcissistic personality disorder sensitive to?
very sensitive to criticism
What kind of relationships do individuals with narcissistic personality disorder have?
interpersonal relations are typically impaired because of problems related to self-preoccupation, entitlement, need for admiration, and relative disregard for sensitivities of others
What do individuals with narcissistic personality disorder believe in?
“I am the greatest in the world”
What is the gender proportion of narcissistic personality disorder?
Males > Females
Antisocial Personality Disorder
+ characterized as having history of failing to comply with social norms
+ irresponsible, impulsive, and deceitful
+ lacking in conscience and empathy, selfishly take what they want and do as they please, violating social norms and expectations
What is the age of onset for antisocial personality disorder?
at least 18 years of age
How is antisocial personality disorder connected to conduct disorder?
+ evidence of conduct disorder before 15 years old
+ CD will be given if the criteria for Antisocial PD is not met
Underarousal Hypothesis
psychopaths have abnormally low levels of cortical arousal
Fearlessness Hypothesis
psychopaths possess a higher threshold for experiencing fear than most other individuals
What is the gender proportion for antisocial personality disorder?
Males > Females
What may individuals with antisocial personality disorder experience?
may experience dysphoria, incl. complaints of tension, inability to tolerate boredom, and depressed mood
What are the personality disorders in Cluster C?
- Avoidant
- Dependent
- Obsessive-Compulsive
Avoidant Personality Disorder
+ extremely sensitive of the opinion of others and although they desire social relationship, their anxiety leads them to avoid
+ they are likely to misinterpret social responses as critical, which in turn confirms their self-doubts
+ low self-esteem and hypersensitivity to rejection
+ have insecure attachment style characterized by desire for emotional attachment
+ extremely low self-esteem cause them to be limited with friendships and dependent to those they feel comfy with
+ feel chronically rejected by others and pessimistic about their future
+ negative self-concept
What is the difference between avoidant personality disorder and social anxiety disorder?
Avoidant PD - negative self-concept
Social Anxiety Disorder – negative evaluations
What do individuals with avoidant personality disorder believe in?
“If they knew the real me, they would reject me”
What is the gender proportion for individuals with avoidant personality disorder?
Females > Males
Dependent Personality Disorder
+ rely on others to make ordinary decisions and even important ones which results in an unreasonable fear of abandonment
+ characterized by pessimism and self doubt and tend to belittle their abilities and assets
+ take criticism and disapproval as proof of their worthlessness and lose faith in themselves
+ agree with other people’s opinion just to be not rejected
+ feel uncomfortable or helpless when alone
What do individuals with dependent personality disorder believe in?
“I need people to survive and be happy”
What is the gender proportion for dependent personality disorder?
Females > Males
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
+ perfectionist
+ fixation on things being done “the right way”
+ this preoccupation with details prevents them from completing much of anything
+ need to control
Can an individual have both OCPD and OCD?
Yes, when criteria for both OCD and OCPD are met, both can be given
What do people with OCPD believe in?
“I am perfectionist, everything should be done under my control and liking”
What is the gender proportion for OCPD?
Males > Females
