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tos abpsych > Module 2: Biological and Neurological Basis > Flashcards

Module 2: Biological and Neurological Basis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the theoretical approaches in explaining the etiology of psychological disorders?

A
  1. One-dimensional
  2. Multi-dimensional
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2
Q

One-Dimensional etiology

A

looking for a single cause

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3
Q

Multi-Dimensional etiology

A

looking for a systemic cause

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4
Q

Genes

A

long molecules of DNA at various locations on chromosomes, within cell nucleus; carriers of the information we inherit from
our parents

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5
Q

Chromosomes

A

the chain-like structures within a
cell nucleus that contain the genes

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6
Q

How many chromosomes does a human have?

A

23 pairs of chromosomes (a total of 46 chromosomes)

+ 22 pairs of autosomes
+ 1 pair of sex chromosomes

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7
Q

What is the biological sex of someone who has XX chromosomes?

A

Female

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8
Q

What is the biological sex of someone who has XY chromosomes?

A

Male

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9
Q

Phenotypes

A

observable characteristics

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10
Q

Genotypes

A

unique genetic makeup

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11
Q

Polymorphisms

A

naturally occurring variations of
genes

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12
Q

Polygenic

A

influenced by multiple genes or by multiple polymorphisms of genes with any one gene having only very small effects

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13
Q

Endophenotypes

A

genetic mechanisms that ultimately contribute to the underlying problems causing the symptoms and difficulties experienced by people with psychological disorders

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14
Q

Basic Genetic Epidemiology

A

statistical analysis of family, twin, and adoption studies; if the disorder can be inherited and how much is attributable to genetics

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15
Q

Advanced Genetic Epidemiology

A

studies the factors that influence the disorder

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16
Q

Gene Finding

A

what gene influences the behavior

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17
Q

Molecular Genetics

A

biological analysis of individual DNA samples; biological processes genes affect to produce symptoms of the disorder

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18
Q

Family Studies

A

examine behavioral pattern or emotional trait in the context of the family

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19
Q

Proband

A

+ family member with the trait singled out for study
+ The first person in the family to be identified as possibly having genetic disorder and who may receive genetic counseling or testing

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20
Q

Adoption Studies

A

identify adoptees who have a particular behavioral pattern or psychological disorder and attempt to locate first-degree relatives who were raised in different family settings

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21
Q

Twin Studies

A

usually conducted to identical twins because they share genetic makeup

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22
Q

What kind of alleles/genes did the people who reported more severe stressful life events have?

A

Those people who reported more severe stressful life events and had at least one short allele of the 5-HTT gene were at greater risk of developing depression (Caspi et al., 2003) (serotonin-transporter gene)

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23
Q

Epigenetics

A

factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes

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24
Q

Neuroscience

A

study of the nervous system, especially the brain to understand behavior, emotions, and cognitive processes

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25
Q

Result of high dopamine

A

Schizophrenia

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26
Q

Result of low dopamine

A

Parkinson’s

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27
Q

Result of low acetylcholine

A

Alzheimer’s (Dementia)

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28
Q

Result of high norepinephrine

A

Mania

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29
Q

Result of low epinephrine

A

Depression

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30
Q

Result of high GABA

A

Relaxation

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31
Q

Result of low GABA

A

Anxiety, OCD

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32
Q

Result of high serotonin

A

mania

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33
Q

Result of low serotonin

A

depression, anxiety, eating disorders

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34
Q

Result of high epinephrine

A

stress, sleep disorders

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35
Q

Result of low epinephrine

A

fatigue

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36
Q

Result of high glutamate

A

psychosis, neuron death

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37
Q

Result of low glutamate

A

Huntington’s disease

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38
Q

Result of low endorphin

A

eating disorders

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39
Q

Synapse

A

a tiny fluid-filled space between the axon endings of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron

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40
Q

Agonist

A

drug that effectively increase the activity of neurotransmitters (Excitatory)

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41
Q

Antagonist

A

decrease or block neurotransmitter (Inhibitory)

42
Q

Inverse Agonists

A

produces effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitters

43
Q

Reuptake

A

neurotransmitter is released, quickly broken down and brought back to the synaptic cleft

44
Q

Hormones

A

chemical messengers secreted by endocrine glands in the body

45
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messengers of the body

46
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A
  1. Glutamate (E) (memory)
  2. GABA (I) (calming)
  3. Serotonin (I) (mood)
  4. Dopamine (pleasure)
  5. Epinephrine (fight-or-flight)
  6. Norepinephrine (concentration)
  7. Endorphins (euphoria)
  8. Acetylcholine (learning)
47
Q

Glutamate (E)

A

most abundant in the brain and plays a key role in thinking, learning, and memory

48
Q

GABA (I)

A

most common inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain and regulates mood, irritability, sleep, seizures

49
Q

Serotonin (I)

A

regulates mood, sleep patterns, sexuality, appetite, and pain

50
Q

Dopamine

A

body reward system, pleasures, achieving heightened arousal and learning

51
Q

Epinephrine

A

responsible for fight-or-flight repsonse

52
Q

Norepinephrine

A

alertness, arousal, decision-making, attention, and focus

53
Q

Endorphins

A

natural pain reliever, reduces pain

54
Q

Acetylcholine

A

regulates heart rate, blood pressure and gut motility, role in muscle contraction, memory, motivation, sexual desire, sleep, and learning

55
Q

Brain Stem

A

lower and more ancient part of the brain; essential for autonomic functioning such as breathing, heart rate, etc.

56
Q

Parts of the Brain Stem

A
  1. Hindbrain
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Midbrain
  4. Thalamus and Hypothalamus
57
Q

Hindbrain

A

contains the medulla, pons, and cerebellum; regulates many autonomic activities such as breathing, heartbeat, and digestion

58
Q

Cerebellum

A

controls motor coordination abnormalities associated with autism

59
Q

Midbrain

A

coordinates movements with sensory input and contains parts of reticular activating system (contributes to sleep, arousal, and tension)

60
Q

Thalamus and Hypothalamus

A

involves in regulating behavior, emotions, and hormones

61
Q

Limbic System

A

+ Located around the edge of the center of the brain
+ Regulate emotional experiences and expressions and, to some extent, our ability to learn and to control impulses
+ Related to Parkinson’s Disease
+ Attention, emotion, “fight or flight”

62
Q

What are the parts of the limbic system?

A
  1. Hippocampus
  2. Cingulate Gyrus
  3. Septum
  4. Amygdala
63
Q

Amygdala

A

emotions

64
Q

Hippocampus

A

shrinks when a person has depression

65
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

base of the forebrain, includes caudate nucleus

66
Q

What will happen if the basal ganglia gets damaged?

A

Damage involved can change posture or cause twitching or shaking

67
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

provides us with our distinctly human qualities, allowing us to look to the future and plan, to reason, and to create

68
Q

Left Hemisphere

A

responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes

69
Q

Right Hemisphere

A

perceiving the world around us and creating images

70
Q

Lobes

A

area responsible for higher cognitive functions

71
Q

HPA Axis

A

hypothalamus, pituitary gland, adrenal cortex

72
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

controls the muscles

73
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

regulate cardiovascular system and endocrine system

74
Q

What are the kinds of the autonomic nervous system?

A
  1. Sympathetic
  2. Parasympathetic
75
Q

Endocrine System

A

glands produce hormones that is released to the blood streams

76
Q

What are the parts of the endocrine system?

A
  1. Pituitary
  2. Thyroid
  3. Parathryoid
  4. Adrenal
  5. Pineal
  6. Pancreas
  7. Testes
  8. Ovaries
77
Q

Pituitary

A

master gland

78
Q

Thyroid

A

controls metabolism and growth (thryoxine)

79
Q

Parathyroid

A

controls the levels of calcium

80
Q

Adrenal

A

controls metabolism, blood pressure, sex development, stress (epinephrine)

81
Q

Pineal

A

releases melatonin

82
Q

Pancreas

A

creates insulin

83
Q

Testes

A

makes sperm and release testosterone

84
Q

Ovaries

A

releases estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

85
Q

How does the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis function?

A
  1. Messages in the form of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) travel from the hypothalamus to pituitary gland
  2. Pituitary Gland releases adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which stimulates the cortical part of the adrenal gland (located at the top of the kidney) to produce epinephrine (adrenaline) and cortisol (stress hormone), which is released into the general circulation
  3. Cortisol gives negative feedback to the hypothalamus and pituitary to decrease their release of CRH and ACTH, which in turn reduces the release of adrenaline and cortisol
86
Q

Temperament

A

refers to a child’s reactivity and
characteristic ways of self-regulation

87
Q

What are the five dimensions that can be identified?

A

As early as 2-3 months of age, approx. five dimensions of temperaments can be identified:
(1) fearfulness, (2) irritability/frustration, (3) positive affect, (4) activity level, and (5) attentional persistence/effortful
control

88
Q

Permissive Hypothesis

A

when serotonin (norepinephrine) levels are low, other neurotransmitters are permitted to range more widely, become dysregulated, and contribute to mood irregularities

89
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

communication between right and left hemisphere

90
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

Learning, abstracting, reasoning, inhibiting

91
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulation of metabolism, temperature, and emotions

92
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Discrimination of sounds, verbal, and speech behavior

93
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Arousal reactions, information screening

94
Q

Medulla

A

Breathing, blood pressure, other vital functions

95
Q

Cerebellum

A

Fine motor coordination, posture, and balance

96
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Visual discrimination and some aspects of visual memory

97
Q

Thalamus

A

Major relay station for messages from parts of the body, important sensations of pain

98
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Somesthetic motor discriminations and functions

99
Q

Sensory Strip

A

Integration of sensory information from various parts of the body

100
Q

Motor Strip

A

Regulation of voluntary movement

tos abpsych (35 decks)

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