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BMSC 210 > Module 3 - Notes > Flashcards

Module 3 - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the distinguishing features between gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria?

A

Gram-positive - Thick cell wall exposed to the outside world.

Gram-negative - Thin cell wall protected by another membrane

Acid-fact bacteria - a gram-positive with a wax layer

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2
Q

What are the distinguishing features between fungi and algae?

A

cell wall composition - Cellulose (algae) vs. Chitin (fungi)

Autotrophy/photosynthesis (algae) vs. heterotrophy/not photosynthesis (fungi)

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3
Q

Which option is NOT an example used to explain spontaneous generation?

A. Sand gave rise to scallops
B. Mud gave rise to frogs
C. Fungal spore deposited on a piece of melon gave rise to the same type of fungi
D. Rotting flesh gave rise to maggots

A

C. Fungal spore deposited on a piece of melon gave rise to the same type of fungi

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4
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Inorganic matter gives rise to organic beings.

Life can arise from non-living matter

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5
Q

Which scientist provided experimental evidence against this theory using meat in an open container, meat in a cork-sealed container, and meat in a gauze-covered container to prove living matter did not arise from rotting flesh?

A

Francesco Redi

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6
Q

Why did people doubt Redi’s meat experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?

A

Because they thought the cork prevented the spirits from getting into the container and creating life.

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7
Q

How did Pasteur prove that life only comes from life?

A

He excessively boiled broth to kill any microorganisms and used a flask with a swan-neck to prevent outside air from entering the flask.

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8
Q

Which scientist coined the term cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

What are the 7 components of the cell theory?

A

Living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells

Cells are the fundamental component of life

Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Activity of an organism depends on the total activity of the cells

Energy flow occurs within cells

Cells contain DNA and RNA

Cells of similar species have similar chemical composition

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10
Q

Who first proposed the Endosymbiotic theory?

A

Konstanin Mereschkowski

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11
Q

Who provided good microscopic evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Lynn Margulis

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12
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

infoldings in the plasma membrane of an ancestral cell gave rise to endomembrane components (nucleus & ER)

In the first endosymbiotic event, early eukaryotes consumed aerobic bacteria (mitochondria)

In the second endosymbiotic event, early eukaryotes consumed photosynthetic bacteria (Chloroplasts)

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13
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest about ancestry?

A

Both bacteria and Archaea gave rise to eukaryotes.

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14
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Does not have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane?

Includes bacteria and archaea

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15
Q

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

in the center of the cell (Nucleoid)

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16
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Coccus

(Cocci - plural)

Round

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17
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Bacillus

(Bacilli - plural)

Rod

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18
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Vibrio

(vibrios - plural)

Curved Rod

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19
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Coccobacillus

(coccobacilli - plural)

Short Rod

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20
Q

What is this shape of bacteria?

A

Spirillum

(spirilla - plural)

Spiral

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21
Q

What is this shape of bacteria?

A

Spirochete

(sprochetes - plural)

long, loose, helical spiral
corkscrew with special flagella on the axis

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22
Q

What is it called when 2 cocci are together?

A

Diplococcus

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23
Q

What is it called when 4 cocci are arranged in a square?

A

Tetracoccus

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24
Q

What is it called when there is a chain of cocci?

A

Streptococcus

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25
What is a cluster of cocci called?
Staphylococcus
26
What is a chain of bacilli called?
Streptobacillus
27
How large are bacterial cells in general?
1-10 microns on average. Some are as small as 0.2 microns
28
How large are eukaryotic cells?
3-100 microns on average
29
When using a brightfield microscope, what features would differentiate a bacteria from a eukarya?
Membrane-bound nucleus & size
30
What is the purpose of prokaryotic inclusions?
Energy Storage for glycogens (sugars) Some are gas vesicles to help float in water Some are magnetosomes to help orient bacteria according to the magnetic field
31
What are endospores?
A dormant version of the cell
32
What type of bacteria produce endospores?
Exclusively produced by gram-positive bacteria
33
What are characteristics of endospores?
Resistant to extreme temperatures and radiation Do not absorb gram stain Dehydrated Dormant - No growth or metabolic activity
34
What is the cycle of sporalization?
DNA replicates (Asymmetric division) Membranes from around DNA (Engulfment) Forespore forms additional membranes (maturation) Protective cortex around the spore Protein coat forms around the cortex (mother cell dies/lysis) Spore is released Spore germinates
35
Which type of microscopy can you use to see sporalization?
phase-contrast without staining
36
At which step can you inhibit spore formation? A. Asymmetrical division B. Engulfment C. Germination D. Maturation
A. Asymmetrical division
37
What is a eukaryotic cell?
membrane-bound nucleus membrane-bound organelles
38
You have a new eukaryotic microbe. You analyze its ribosomes and observe two different forms of the ribosome, a 70S and an 80S. What is the best explanation for this observation?
The endosymbiotic theory mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from bacteria
39
What is the cell envelope?
series of layers around the cytoplasm
40
What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?
Acts as a selective barrier Generates concentration gradients Anchors proteins for sensing, communicating and interacting
41
What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in Bacteria & Eukarya?
Phospholipid bilayer a tail and a head Ester linkage
42
What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in Archaea?
Bilayer or monolayer Ether linkages Phospholipids with side chains
43
What are the energy-independent forms of transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?
**Diffusion** **Facilitated Diffusion** via proteins (dependent on concentration gradient)
44
What are the energy-dependent forms of transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?
**Coupled Active Transport** **ABC Transporter** **Group Translocation**
45
Which molecules enter the cytoplasmic membrane by simple diffusion?
Glycerol H2 O O2
46
What limits simple diffusion?
size and charge of the molecule *Hydrophilic and charged molecules are blocked* *Hydrophobic molecules will go in but may not go out easily*
47
What increases the rate of simple diffusion?
The greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate is.
48
What is facilitated diffusion?
similar to simple diffusion but there is a channel embedded in the cell membrane that makes it more efficient. It is easier than simple diffusion because you have greater selectivity or greater permeability for a specific molecule
49
What limits facilitated diffusion?
The size and charge of the molecule
50
What are the sources of energy for active transport?
ATP high-energy-phosphate compound substrate gradient & protonmotive force (PMF)
51
What are the 2 types of Coupled Active Transport?
Antiport Symport
52
What is the source of energy for coupled active transport?
proton motor force & concentration gradient
53
How do the molecules move in antiport?
One molecule goes in Once molecule goes out
54
How do the molecules move in symport?
Both molecules will bind and move either in or out of the cell.
55
What is the energy source for ABC transport?
ATP
56
How does the ABC transport method work?
The substrate outside the cell binds to the **Substrate-binding protein** The carrier protein embedded in the cell wall opens to allow the substrate to pass into the cell when activated by ATP.
57
What energy source is required by group translocation?
a high-energy-phosphate compound
58
How does group translocation work?
a phosphoryl group transfers from protein to protein. Once the substrate-specific permease in the plasma membrane is phosphorylated, it allows the sugars to enter.
59
What is the purpose of the bacterial cell wall?
prevents osmotic lysis maintains cell shape & rigidity
60
Which statement is correct about gram stains? A. Gram-positive are pink because they have a thin cell wall whereas gram-negative are purple because they have a thick cell wall. B. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thin cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thick cell wall C. Gram-positive are pink because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are purple because they have a thin cell wall. D. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thin cell wall.
D. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thin cell wall.
61
What makes up the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria?
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall Teichoic acid *(structural protein that helps anchor the cell wall)*
62
What makes up the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria?
Thin peptidoglycan cell wall Outer membrane made of: murein lipid A O antigen lipopolysaccharide
63
How does peptidoglycan in gram-positive differ from the peptidoglycan in gram-negative?
The peptidoglycan structure has in both: **NAG** **NAM** and **Tetrapeptide** In gram-positive: **Pentapeptide**
64
Of all the microbes, where will you find the peptidoglycan structure?
Only in bacteria *(except its absent in mycoplasma)*
65
What is the dominant cell wall layer for archaea?
S-Layer (protein)
66
What cell wall structure does archaea have that is similar to peptidoglycan?
Pseudomurein (sugar)
67
What is peptidoglycan sensitive to?
lysozyme
68
Is Archaea sensitive to lysozyme?
No, they are resistant to it because they have different sugars than bacteria in their cell wall.
69
What is the best explanation for using beta-lactam to treat Chlamydia infection but not mycoplasma? A. Chlamydia is an extracellular pathogen whereas mycoplasma is an intracellular pathogen B. Chlamydia has peptidoglycan whereas peptidoglycan is absent in mycoplasma C. Chlamydia has a metabolically inactive extracellular form whereas mycoplasma is always intracellular D. Both lack cell walls therefore a beta-lactam cannot be used
B. Chlamydia has peptidoglycan whereas peptidoglycan is absent from mycoplasma
70
Can archaea have both S-layer and psuedomurein in their cell wall?
No. They either have S-Layer or Pseduomurine but not both.
71
What is the cell wall in Fungi? (Eukaryotes)
Chitin
72
What is the cell wall in plants? (Eukaryotes)
Cellulose
73
Lysozymes are a defense mechanism in animals. What microbe does it target? A. Archaua B. Fungi C. Viruses D. Bacteria
D. Bacteria because peptidoglycans are sensitive to lysozyme.
74
In which cell wall will you find lipopolysaccharide?
In gram-negative bacteria only
75
What purpose does the lipopolysaccharide layer serve?
Attachment Mechanical Strength Immune evasion Protection It is also a **endotoxin** *causes massive inflammation & can cause septic shock if it gets into your blood*
76
What feature differentiates a gram-negative bacteria from a deep-branching bacteria? A. The outer membrane is a bilayer made of lipopolysaccharide B. The outer membrane is a bilayer similar to the inner membrane C. The outer membrane is made of carotenoid glucoside esters with various branched-chain fatty acids D. The outer membrane is made of mycolic acids
A. The outer membrane is a bilayer made of lipopolysaccharides
77
Why does gram staining not work in acid-fast bacteria?
It has a wax layer It's outer layer is mycolic acid
78
You want to use an antibiotic that targets the cell wall to treat an infection. Which group is the most resistant? A. Acid-fast bacteria B. Mycoplasma C. Gram-negative bacteria D. Gram-positive bacteria E. Fungi
B. Mycoplasma and E. Fungi If you don't have a cell wall, you can't kill it. Mycoplasma will be the most resistant because it doesn't have a cell wall.
79
Which structure is universally found in all cellular microbes? A. Capsule B. Cytoplasmic membrane C. Nuclear membrane D. Outer membrane E. S-layer
B. Cytoplasmic membrane The structure is universal but the composition is not.
80
What are the differences between the cell wall composition of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?
Bacteria - peptidoglycan (murein) Archaea - Protein (S-layer) or pseudomurein Eukaryote - Chitin (fungi) or cellulose (algae)
81
What are the differences between the cell wall function of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?
Bacteria - Cell shape & rigidity Archaea - osmotic lysis, cell shape & rigidity Eukaryote - Structural stability and stability
82
Where is the S-layer found in prokaryotes?
Bacteria - Typically the outermost layer if present Archaea - sometimes its just outside the cytoplasm, not always the last layer
83
What is a capsule?
Outermost layer Protects against the immune system Tight matrix Strongly attached to the cell
84
What is a slime layer?
Sticky polysaccharide coat easily deformed loosely attached to the cell biofilm
85
What are Pili?
Thin, long filamentous protein structure on the bacterial surface
86
What are Fimbrae?
Short pili used for attachment
87
Which type of bacteria will you find pili and fimbrae?
Mostly in gram-negative and in some gram-positive bacteria
88
What is conjugative pili?
pili that forms a conduit for genetic material to pass through (Genetic exchange)
89
What are flagellum?
thin protein appendages that provide a quick way to move around rotates at 1000 revolutions per second
90
If you have one flagellum attached at one end of the bacteria it is __________?
monotrichous
91
If you have one flagellum attached at each end of the bacteria it is ___________?
amphitrichous
92
If you have multiple flagella attached at one end of the bacteria it is ____________?
lophotrichous
93
If you have multiple flagella attached all over the surface of the bacteria it is __________?
peritrichous
94
A bacteria is described as being hairy when observed under the microscope. What is the structure? A. Pili B. LPS C. Capsule D. Flagella
A. Pili
95
What are the characteristics of flagellum?
hollow structure made of flagelin driven by a proton motor force assembles from the tip parts include a hook and a basal body
96
What is an archaellum?
a structure in archaea that provides some motility
97
What are the characteristics of an archellum?
smaller than flagellum not hollow driven by ATP Assembles from the base
98
What is twitching
allows bacteria and some archaea to move on harder surfaces Stick and pull movement ATP dependent uses Type IV pili which extend, stick to a surface and then pull.
99
What is gliding?
allows bacteria to move on harder surfaces continuous and smooth motion without external propulsion uses glide proteins and an adhesion complex
100
Your bacterium moves and you did not detect a type IV pili or a flagellum. What type of motility is your bacteria most likely capable of? A. twitching B. swimming C. gliding D. Gliding, twitching, and swimming E. no motility
C. Gliding Type IV drive twitch Swim by flagellum
101
What is meant by taxis?
sense and move Ability to move towards or away from a gradient
102
What is chemotaxis
detects & moves due to a chemical gradient
103
What is Osmotaxis?
detects & moves due to an ionic strength gradient
104
What is Hydrotaxis?
detects & moves due to a hydrated environment/water
105
What is phototaxis?
detects & moves due to a light gradient
106
What is Aerotaxis?
detects & moves due to an oxygen gradient
107
What is Magnetotaxis?
detect & moves due to a magnetic field
108
You want to know if your bacterium is capable of sensing and moving in response to a hydrocarbon gradient. In a chemotaxis assay, your bacterium exhibits motility but moves in every direction. What is your best explanation?
The hydrocarbon does not induce a chemotaxis response
109
Are archaea capable of twitching and gliding?
No. They are only able to swim.
110
What does motility look like in eukarya?
Swimming via flagellum & cilia although it's not the same type of structure as bacteria it is a flexible whip made of microtubules and uses ATP as an energy source.
111

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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