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BMSC 210 > Module 3 - Notes > Flashcards

Module 3 - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the distinguishing features between gram-positive, gram-negative, and acid-fast bacteria?

A

Gram-positive - Thick cell wall exposed to the outside world.

Gram-negative - Thin cell wall protected by another membrane

Acid-fact bacteria - a gram-positive with a wax layer

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2
Q

What are the distinguishing features between fungi and algae?

A

cell wall composition - Cellulose (algae) vs. Chitin (fungi)

Autotrophy/photosynthesis (algae) vs. heterotrophy/not photosynthesis (fungi)

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3
Q

Which option is NOT an example used to explain spontaneous generation?

A. Sand gave rise to scallops
B. Mud gave rise to frogs
C. Fungal spore deposited on a piece of melon gave rise to the same type of fungi
D. Rotting flesh gave rise to maggots

A

C. Fungal spore deposited on a piece of melon gave rise to the same type of fungi

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4
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

Inorganic matter gives rise to organic beings.

Life can arise from non-living matter

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5
Q

Which scientist provided experimental evidence against this theory using meat in an open container, meat in a cork-sealed container, and meat in a gauze-covered container to prove living matter did not arise from rotting flesh?

A

Francesco Redi

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6
Q

Why did people doubt Redi’s meat experiment to disprove spontaneous generation?

A

Because they thought the cork prevented the spirits from getting into the container and creating life.

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7
Q

How did Pasteur prove that life only comes from life?

A

He excessively boiled broth to kill any microorganisms and used a flask with a swan-neck to prevent outside air from entering the flask.

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8
Q

Which scientist coined the term cells?

A

Robert Hooke

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9
Q

What are the 7 components of the cell theory?

A

Living organisms are made up of 1 or more cells

Cells are the fundamental component of life

Cells arise from pre-existing cells

Activity of an organism depends on the total activity of the cells

Energy flow occurs within cells

Cells contain DNA and RNA

Cells of similar species have similar chemical composition

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10
Q

Who first proposed the Endosymbiotic theory?

A

Konstanin Mereschkowski

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11
Q

Who provided good microscopic evidence to support the endosymbiotic theory?

A

Lynn Margulis

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12
Q

What is the endosymbiotic theory?

A

infoldings in the plasma membrane of an ancestral cell gave rise to endomembrane components (nucleus & ER)

In the first endosymbiotic event, early eukaryotes consumed aerobic bacteria (mitochondria)

In the second endosymbiotic event, early eukaryotes consumed photosynthetic bacteria (Chloroplasts)

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13
Q

What does the endosymbiotic theory suggest about ancestry?

A

Both bacteria and Archaea gave rise to eukaryotes.

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14
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Does not have a nucleus enclosed in a nuclear membrane?

Includes bacteria and archaea

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15
Q

Where is the DNA located in a prokaryotic cell?

A

in the center of the cell (Nucleoid)

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16
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Coccus

(Cocci - plural)

Round

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17
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Bacillus

(Bacilli - plural)

Rod

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18
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Vibrio

(vibrios - plural)

Curved Rod

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19
Q

What is this shape of bacteria called?

A

Coccobacillus

(coccobacilli - plural)

Short Rod

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20
Q

What is this shape of bacteria?

A

Spirillum

(spirilla - plural)

Spiral

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21
Q

What is this shape of bacteria?

A

Spirochete

(sprochetes - plural)

long, loose, helical spiral
corkscrew with special flagella on the axis

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22
Q

What is it called when 2 cocci are together?

A

Diplococcus

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23
Q

What is it called when 4 cocci are arranged in a square?

A

Tetracoccus

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24
Q

What is it called when there is a chain of cocci?

A

Streptococcus

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25
Q

What is a cluster of cocci called?

A

Staphylococcus

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26
Q

What is a chain of bacilli called?

A

Streptobacillus

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27
Q

How large are bacterial cells in general?

A

1-10 microns on average.

Some are as small as 0.2 microns

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28
Q

How large are eukaryotic cells?

A

3-100 microns on average

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29
Q

When using a brightfield microscope, what features would differentiate a bacteria from a eukarya?

A

Membrane-bound nucleus & size

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30
Q

What is the purpose of prokaryotic inclusions?

A

Energy Storage for glycogens (sugars)

Some are gas vesicles to help float in water

Some are magnetosomes to help orient bacteria according to the magnetic field

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31
Q

What are endospores?

A

A dormant version of the cell

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32
Q

What type of bacteria produce endospores?

A

Exclusively produced by gram-positive bacteria

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33
Q

What are characteristics of endospores?

A

Resistant to extreme temperatures and radiation

Do not absorb gram stain

Dehydrated

Dormant - No growth or metabolic activity

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34
Q

What is the cycle of sporalization?

A

DNA replicates (Asymmetric division)

Membranes from around DNA (Engulfment)

Forespore forms additional membranes (maturation)

Protective cortex around the spore

Protein coat forms around the cortex (mother cell dies/lysis)

Spore is released

Spore germinates

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35
Q

Which type of microscopy can you use to see sporalization?

A

phase-contrast without staining

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36
Q

At which step can you inhibit spore formation?

A. Asymmetrical division
B. Engulfment
C. Germination
D. Maturation

A

A. Asymmetrical division

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37
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

membrane-bound nucleus

membrane-bound organelles

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38
Q

You have a new eukaryotic microbe. You analyze its ribosomes and observe two different forms of the ribosome, a 70S and an 80S. What is the best explanation for this observation?

A

The endosymbiotic theory

mitochondria and chloroplasts arise from bacteria

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39
Q

What is the cell envelope?

A

series of layers around the cytoplasm

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40
Q

What does the cytoplasmic membrane do?

A

Acts as a selective barrier

Generates concentration gradients

Anchors proteins for sensing, communicating and interacting

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41
Q

What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in Bacteria & Eukarya?

A

Phospholipid bilayer

a tail and a head

Ester linkage

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42
Q

What is the composition of the cytoplasmic membrane in Archaea?

A

Bilayer or monolayer

Ether linkages

Phospholipids with side chains

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43
Q

What are the energy-independent forms of transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion via proteins (dependent on concentration gradient)

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44
Q

What are the energy-dependent forms of transport across the cytoplasmic membrane?

A

Coupled Active Transport

ABC Transporter

Group Translocation

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45
Q

Which molecules enter the cytoplasmic membrane by simple diffusion?

A

Glycerol

H2

O

O2

46
Q

What limits simple diffusion?

A

size and charge of the molecule

Hydrophilic and charged molecules are blocked

Hydrophobic molecules will go in but may not go out easily

47
Q

What increases the rate of simple diffusion?

A

The greater the concentration gradient, the greater the rate is.

48
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

similar to simple diffusion but there is a channel embedded in the cell membrane that makes it more efficient.

It is easier than simple diffusion because you have greater selectivity or greater permeability for a specific molecule

49
Q

What limits facilitated diffusion?

A

The size and charge of the molecule

50
Q

What are the sources of energy for active transport?

A

ATP

high-energy-phosphate compound

substrate gradient & protonmotive force (PMF)

51
Q

What are the 2 types of Coupled Active Transport?

A

Antiport

Symport

52
Q

What is the source of energy for coupled active transport?

A

proton motor force & concentration gradient

53
Q

How do the molecules move in antiport?

A

One molecule goes in

Once molecule goes out

54
Q

How do the molecules move in symport?

A

Both molecules will bind and move either in or out of the cell.

55
Q

What is the energy source for ABC transport?

A

ATP

56
Q

How does the ABC transport method work?

A

The substrate outside the cell binds to the Substrate-binding protein

The carrier protein embedded in the cell wall opens to allow the substrate to pass into the cell when activated by ATP.

57
Q

What energy source is required by group translocation?

A

a high-energy-phosphate compound

58
Q

How does group translocation work?

A

a phosphoryl group transfers from protein to protein. Once the substrate-specific permease in the plasma membrane is phosphorylated, it allows the sugars to enter.

59
Q

What is the purpose of the bacterial cell wall?

A

prevents osmotic lysis

maintains cell shape & rigidity

60
Q

Which statement is correct about gram stains?

A. Gram-positive are pink because they have a thin cell wall whereas gram-negative are purple because they have a thick cell wall.

B. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thin cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thick cell wall

C. Gram-positive are pink because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are purple because they have a thin cell wall.

D. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thin cell wall.

A

D. Gram-positive are purple because they have a thick cell wall whereas gram-negative are pink because they have a thin cell wall.

61
Q

What makes up the cell wall of a gram-positive bacteria?

A

Thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Teichoic acid (structural protein that helps anchor the cell wall)

62
Q

What makes up the cell wall of a gram-negative bacteria?

A

Thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Outer membrane made of:
murein
lipid A
O antigen
lipopolysaccharide

63
Q

How does peptidoglycan in gram-positive differ from the peptidoglycan in gram-negative?

A

The peptidoglycan structure has
in both:
NAG
NAM
and
Tetrapeptide

In gram-positive:
Pentapeptide

64
Q

Of all the microbes, where will you find the peptidoglycan structure?

A

Only in bacteria

(except its absent in mycoplasma)

65
Q

What is the dominant cell wall layer for archaea?

A

S-Layer (protein)

66
Q

What cell wall structure does archaea have that is similar to peptidoglycan?

A

Pseudomurein (sugar)

67
Q

What is peptidoglycan sensitive to?

A

lysozyme

68
Q

Is Archaea sensitive to lysozyme?

A

No, they are resistant to it because they have different sugars than bacteria in their cell wall.

69
Q

What is the best explanation for using beta-lactam to treat Chlamydia infection but not mycoplasma?

A. Chlamydia is an extracellular pathogen whereas mycoplasma is an intracellular pathogen

B. Chlamydia has peptidoglycan whereas peptidoglycan is absent in mycoplasma

C. Chlamydia has a metabolically inactive extracellular form whereas mycoplasma is always intracellular

D. Both lack cell walls therefore a beta-lactam cannot be used

A

B. Chlamydia has peptidoglycan whereas peptidoglycan is absent from mycoplasma

70
Q

Can archaea have both S-layer and psuedomurein in their cell wall?

A

No.
They either have S-Layer or Pseduomurine but not both.

71
Q

What is the cell wall in Fungi? (Eukaryotes)

A

Chitin

72
Q

What is the cell wall in plants? (Eukaryotes)

A

Cellulose

73
Q

Lysozymes are a defense mechanism in animals. What microbe does it target?

A. Archaua

B. Fungi

C. Viruses

D. Bacteria

A

D. Bacteria

because peptidoglycans are sensitive to lysozyme.

74
Q

In which cell wall will you find lipopolysaccharide?

A

In gram-negative bacteria only

75
Q

What purpose does the lipopolysaccharide layer serve?

A

Attachment

Mechanical Strength

Immune evasion

Protection

It is also a endotoxin

causes massive inflammation & can cause septic shock if it gets into your blood

76
Q

What feature differentiates a gram-negative bacteria from a deep-branching bacteria?

A. The outer membrane is a bilayer made of lipopolysaccharide

B. The outer membrane is a bilayer similar to the inner membrane

C. The outer membrane is made of carotenoid glucoside esters with various branched-chain fatty acids

D. The outer membrane is made of mycolic acids

A

A. The outer membrane is a bilayer made of lipopolysaccharides

77
Q

Why does gram staining not work in acid-fast bacteria?

A

It has a wax layer

It’s outer layer is mycolic acid

78
Q

You want to use an antibiotic that targets the cell wall to treat an infection. Which group is the most resistant?

A. Acid-fast bacteria

B. Mycoplasma

C. Gram-negative bacteria

D. Gram-positive bacteria

E. Fungi

A

B. Mycoplasma

and

E. Fungi

If you don’t have a cell wall, you can’t kill it.

Mycoplasma will be the most resistant because it doesn’t have a cell wall.

79
Q

Which structure is universally found in all cellular microbes?

A. Capsule

B. Cytoplasmic membrane

C. Nuclear membrane

D. Outer membrane

E. S-layer

A

B. Cytoplasmic membrane

The structure is universal but the composition is not.

80
Q

What are the differences between the cell wall composition of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

A

Bacteria - peptidoglycan (murein)

Archaea - Protein (S-layer) or pseudomurein

Eukaryote - Chitin (fungi) or cellulose (algae)

81
Q

What are the differences between the cell wall function of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes?

A

Bacteria - Cell shape & rigidity

Archaea - osmotic lysis, cell shape & rigidity

Eukaryote - Structural stability and stability

82
Q

Where is the S-layer found in prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria - Typically the outermost layer if present

Archaea - sometimes its just outside the cytoplasm, not always the last layer

83
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Outermost layer

Protects against the immune system

Tight matrix

Strongly attached to the cell

84
Q

What is a slime layer?

A

Sticky polysaccharide coat

easily deformed

loosely attached to the cell

biofilm

85
Q

What are Pili?

A

Thin, long filamentous protein structure on the bacterial surface

86
Q

What are Fimbrae?

A

Short pili used for attachment

87
Q

Which type of bacteria will you find pili and fimbrae?

A

Mostly in gram-negative and in some gram-positive bacteria

88
Q

What is conjugative pili?

A

pili that forms a conduit for genetic material to pass through (Genetic exchange)

89
Q

What are flagellum?

A

thin protein appendages that provide a quick way to move around

rotates at 1000 revolutions per second

90
Q

If you have one flagellum attached at one end of the bacteria it is __________?

A

monotrichous

91
Q

If you have one flagellum attached at each end of the bacteria it is ___________?

A

amphitrichous

92
Q

If you have multiple flagella attached at one end of the bacteria it is ____________?

A

lophotrichous

93
Q

If you have multiple flagella attached all over the surface of the bacteria it is __________?

A

peritrichous

94
Q

A bacteria is described as being hairy when observed under the microscope. What is the structure?

A. Pili

B. LPS

C. Capsule

D. Flagella

A

A. Pili

95
Q

What are the characteristics of flagellum?

A

hollow structure made of flagelin

driven by a proton motor force

assembles from the tip

parts include a hook and a basal body

96
Q

What is an archaellum?

A

a structure in archaea that provides some motility

97
Q

What are the characteristics of an archellum?

A

smaller than flagellum

not hollow

driven by ATP

Assembles from the base

98
Q

What is twitching

A

allows bacteria and some archaea to move on harder surfaces

Stick and pull movement

ATP dependent

uses Type IV pili which extend, stick to a surface and then pull.

99
Q

What is gliding?

A

allows bacteria to move on harder surfaces

continuous and smooth motion without external propulsion

uses glide proteins and an adhesion complex

100
Q

Your bacterium moves and you did not detect a type IV pili or a flagellum. What type of motility is your bacteria most likely capable of?

A. twitching

B. swimming

C. gliding

D. Gliding, twitching, and swimming

E. no motility

A

C. Gliding

Type IV drive twitch
Swim by flagellum

101
Q

What is meant by taxis?

A

sense and move

Ability to move towards or away from a gradient

102
Q

What is chemotaxis

A

detects & moves due to a chemical gradient

103
Q

What is Osmotaxis?

A

detects & moves due to an ionic strength gradient

104
Q

What is Hydrotaxis?

A

detects & moves due to a hydrated environment/water

105
Q

What is phototaxis?

A

detects & moves due to a light gradient

106
Q

What is Aerotaxis?

A

detects & moves due to an oxygen gradient

107
Q

What is Magnetotaxis?

A

detect & moves due to a magnetic field

108
Q

You want to know if your bacterium is capable of sensing and moving in response to a hydrocarbon gradient. In a chemotaxis assay, your bacterium exhibits motility but moves in every direction. What is your best explanation?

A

The hydrocarbon does not induce a chemotaxis response

109
Q

Are archaea capable of twitching and gliding?

A

No. They are only able to swim.

110
Q

What does motility look like in eukarya?

A

Swimming
via flagellum & cilia

although it’s not the same type of structure as bacteria

it is a flexible whip made of microtubules and uses ATP as an energy source.

111
Q
A

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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