BMSC210 CH3.4 Flashcards
What are some examples of eukaryotic organisms?
Protozoans, algae, fungi, plants, and animals
What are the two types of eukaryotic cells?
Independent, single-celled microorganisms and cells in multicellular organisms
What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a distinct nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not
What is the main distinguishing characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Presence of a nucleus surrounded by a complex nuclear membrane.
What organelles are characteristic of eukaryotic cells?
Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and peroxisomes.
What supports the transport of intracellular components and helps maintain cell shape in eukaryotic cells?
Cytoskeleton.
What are the genome characteristics of bacteria?
Single chromosome, circular, haploid, lacks histones
What is the composition of the cell wall in bacteria?
Peptidoglycan or none
What is the composition of the cell wall in plants and some algae?
Cellulose
What is chitin?
Rigid component of cell walls in molluscs, insects, crustaceans, and fungi
What is silica?
Rigid component of cell walls in some algae
What are the motility structures in cells?
Flagella and cilia
What are the flexible flagella and cilia composed of?
Microtubules
What are some possible shapes of eukaryotic cells?
spheroid, ovoid, cuboidal, cylindrical, flat, lenticular, fusiform, discoidal, crescent, ring stellate, and polygonal
What factors can influence the shape of a eukaryotic cell?
primary function, organization of cytoskeleton, viscosity of cytoplasm, rigidity of cell membrane or cell wall, physical pressure from surroundings/adjoining cells
What is the function of flagella in some eukaryotic cells?
Locomotion
How is a eukaryotic flagellum different from a prokaryotic flagellum?
A eukaryotic flagellum is more flexible and composed of microtubules.
What is the arrangement of microtubules in a eukaryotic flagellum?
9+2 array
What are the similarities between a flagellum and a cilium?
Both are external structures found in eukaryotic cells
What are cilia?
Shorter than flagella and often cover the entire surface of a cell
What is the structure called that attaches cilia or flagella to the cell?
Basal body
How are cilia and flagella structurally similar?
Both have a 9+2 array of microtubules
How do cilia move?
They use a rapid, flexible, waving motion.
What are some functions of cilia?
Sweeping particles past or into cells.
Give an example of cilia usage in protozoans.
Moving food particles into their mouthparts.
What is the structure of cilia made of?
A 9+2 array of microtubules.
What do cilia aid in for protozoans like Paramecium?
Locomotion and feeding
