BMSC210 CH4.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What color do gram-positive prokaryotes appear after Gram staining?

A

Purple

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2
Q

What additional characteristics can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes?

A

G+C ratios in DNA and composition of 16S rRNA subunits

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3
Q

What is the class of gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratios in their DNA?

A

Actinobacteria

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4
Q

Where do most Actinobacteria live?

A

Soil but some are aquatic

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5
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Aerobes that require oxygen for growth

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6
Q

How do obligate aerobes divide?

A

By snapping, forming V-like pairs of daughter cells

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7
Q

What is the role of obligate aerobes in bioremediation?

A

They degrade phenol and can be used for bioremediation

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8
Q

What unique characteristic does Streptomyces have?

A

Aerobic, spore-forming bacteria

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9
Q

What is the DNA composition of low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Less than 50% guanine and cytosine

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10
Q

Where can endospores be found?

A

Anaerobic habitats like soil and aquatic sediments rich in organic nutrients

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11
Q

How long can endospores survive?

A

Many years

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12
Q

What are the genera included in the order Lactobacillales?

A

Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus

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13
Q

What is another name for necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Flesh eating disease

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14
Q

What does the class Bacilli include?

A

Bacteria with diverse shapes including bacillus and cocccus

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15
Q

What can bacteria in the genus Bacillus produce?

A

endospores

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16
Q

What are some industries that use Bacillus spp.?

A

antibiotics, enzymes, detergents

17
Q

What does the name Staphylococcus mean?

A

bunches of grapes

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus spp.?

A

facultative anaerobic, halophilic, nonmotile

19
Q

What are some antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus?

A

MRSA and VRSA

20
Q

Why are MRSA and VRSA difficult to treat?

A

Resistance to nearly all available antibiotics

21
Q

Where are MRSA and VRSA a serious threat?

A

Hospitals, nursing homes, dialysis facilities

22
Q

How are Mycoplasmas different from other bacteria?

A

They do not possess a cell wall.

23
Q

Are Mycoplasmas stained by Gram-stain reagents?

24
Q

What does it mean for the cells to be pleomorphic?

A

They may take on a variety of shapes

25
What is the microscopic morphology of Enterococcus?
Gram-positive coccus; forms microscopic pairs
26
What are the unique characteristics of Enterococcus?
Anaerobic aerotolerant bacteria; may cause infections in nosocomial environment
27
What is the microscopic morphology of Lactobacillus?
Gram-positive bacillus
28
What are the unique characteristics of Lactobacillus?
Facultative anaerobes; ferment sugars into lactic acid; part of the vaginal microbiota; used as probiotics
29
What is the microscopic morphology of Leuconostoc?
Gram-positive coccus; may form microscopic chains
30
What are the unique characteristics of Leuconostoc?
Fermenter; used in food industry to produce sauerkraut and kefir
31
What are the unique characteristics of Mycoplasma?
Smallest bacteria; have no cell wall; causes 'walking' pneumonia
32
What is the microscopic morphology of Staphylococcus?
Gram-positive coccus; forms microscopic clusters in culture that resemble bunches of grapes
33
What are the unique characteristics of Staphylococcus?
Tolerate high salt concentration; facultative anaerobes; produce catalase; S. aureus can also produce coagulase and toxins responsible for local (skin) and generalized infections
34
What is the microscopic morphology of Streptococcus?
Gram-positive coccus; forms chains or pairs in culture
35
What are the unique characteristics of Streptococcus?
Diverse genus; classified into groups based on sharing certain antigens; some species cause hemolysis and may produce toxins responsible for human local (throat) and generalized disease
36
What is the microscopic morphology of Ureaplasma?
Similar to Mycoplasma
37
What are the unique characteristics of Ureaplasma?
Part of the human vaginal and lower urinary tract microbiota; may cause inflammation, sometimes leading to internal scarring and infertility