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BMSC 210 > BMSC210 CH4.4 > Flashcards

BMSC210 CH4.4 Flashcards

1
Q

What color do gram-positive prokaryotes appear after Gram staining?

A

Purple

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2
Q

What additional characteristics can be used to classify gram-positive prokaryotes?

A

G+C ratios in DNA and composition of 16S rRNA subunits

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3
Q

What is the class of gram-positive bacteria with high G+C ratios in their DNA?

A

Actinobacteria

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4
Q

Where do most Actinobacteria live?

A

Soil but some are aquatic

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5
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

Aerobes that require oxygen for growth

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6
Q

How do obligate aerobes divide?

A

By snapping, forming V-like pairs of daughter cells

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7
Q

What is the role of obligate aerobes in bioremediation?

A

They degrade phenol and can be used for bioremediation

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8
Q

What unique characteristic does Streptomyces have?

A

Aerobic, spore-forming bacteria

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9
Q

What is the DNA composition of low G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Less than 50% guanine and cytosine

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10
Q

Where can endospores be found?

A

Anaerobic habitats like soil and aquatic sediments rich in organic nutrients

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11
Q

How long can endospores survive?

A

Many years

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12
Q

What are the genera included in the order Lactobacillales?

A

Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Enterococcus, and Streptococcus

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13
Q

What is another name for necrotizing fasciitis?

A

Flesh eating disease

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14
Q

What does the class Bacilli include?

A

Bacteria with diverse shapes including bacillus and cocccus

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15
Q

What can bacteria in the genus Bacillus produce?

A

endospores

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16
Q

What are some industries that use Bacillus spp.?

A

antibiotics, enzymes, detergents

17
Q

What does the name Staphylococcus mean?

A

bunches of grapes

18
Q

What are the characteristics of Staphylococcus spp.?

A

facultative anaerobic, halophilic, nonmotile

19
Q

What are some antibiotic-resistant strains of S. aureus?

A

MRSA and VRSA

20
Q

Why are MRSA and VRSA difficult to treat?

A

Resistance to nearly all available antibiotics

21
Q

Where are MRSA and VRSA a serious threat?

A

Hospitals, nursing homes, dialysis facilities

22
Q

How are Mycoplasmas different from other bacteria?

A

They do not possess a cell wall.

23
Q

Are Mycoplasmas stained by Gram-stain reagents?

A

No.

24
Q

What does it mean for the cells to be pleomorphic?

A

They may take on a variety of shapes

25
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Enterococcus?

A

Gram-positive coccus; forms microscopic pairs

26
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Enterococcus?

A

Anaerobic aerotolerant bacteria; may cause infections in nosocomial environment

27
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Lactobacillus?

A

Gram-positive bacillus

28
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Lactobacillus?

A

Facultative anaerobes; ferment sugars into lactic acid; part of the vaginal microbiota; used as probiotics

29
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Leuconostoc?

A

Gram-positive coccus; may form microscopic chains

30
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Leuconostoc?

A

Fermenter; used in food industry to produce sauerkraut and kefir

31
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Mycoplasma?

A

Smallest bacteria; have no cell wall; causes ‘walking’ pneumonia

32
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Staphylococcus?

A

Gram-positive coccus; forms microscopic clusters in culture that resemble bunches of grapes

33
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Staphylococcus?

A

Tolerate high salt concentration; facultative anaerobes; produce catalase; S. aureus can also produce coagulase and toxins responsible for local (skin) and generalized infections

34
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Streptococcus?

A

Gram-positive coccus; forms chains or pairs in culture

35
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Streptococcus?

A

Diverse genus; classified into groups based on sharing certain antigens; some species cause hemolysis and may produce toxins responsible for human local (throat) and generalized disease

36
Q

What is the microscopic morphology of Ureaplasma?

A

Similar to Mycoplasma

37
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Ureaplasma?

A

Part of the human vaginal and lower urinary tract microbiota; may cause inflammation, sometimes leading to internal scarring and infertility

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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