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BMSC 210 > BMSC210 CH4.1 > Flashcards

BMSC210 CH4.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of prokaryotic organisms?

A

No nuclei or membrane-bound organelles

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3
Q

Where can prokaryotes be found?

A

Everywhere on our planet

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4
Q

Where do bacteria thrive within the human body?

A

Mouth, nasal cavity, throat, ears, gastrointestinal tract, and vagina

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5
Q

Where can large colonies of bacteria be found on healthy human skin?

A

Moist areas (armpits, navel, and areas behind ears)

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6
Q

Are drier areas of the skin free from bacteria?

A

No

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7
Q

What is the role of microorganisms in soil formation?

A

Breakdown of organic matter and development of biofilms

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8
Q

What do bacteria metabolize from plant roots as nutrients?

A

Acids and carbohydrates

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9
Q

What are halophiles?

A

Prokaryotes that can thrive in extremely salty environments.

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10
Q

What is meant by the term ‘metabolically flexible’ for prokaryotes?

A

They can easily switch energy sources and metabolic pathways.

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11
Q

What can bacteria produce when they switch to a different metabolic pathway?

A

Acids and free hydrogen ions

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12
Q

What do animals rely on prokaryotes for?

A

Converting carbon dioxide into organic carbon products

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13
Q

What is the process of converting carbon dioxide to organic carbon products called?

A

Carbon fixation

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14
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia

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15
Q

What is the role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria?

A

Enrich soil and be used by other plants

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16
Q

Where do nitrogen-fixing bacteria live?

A

Root nodules of legumes

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17
Q

What are bacteroids?

A

Bacterium-like cells or modified bacterial cells

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18
Q

What role do some bacteria play in manmade environments?

A

Degrading toxic chemicals

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19
Q

What are the potential negative effects of prokaryotes on human health?

A

Illness, infection, and food contamination

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20
Q

What percentage of prokaryotes are human pathogens?

A

Less than 1%

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21
Q

What is one example of how prokaryotes affect humans indirectly?

A

Contributing to climate change

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22
Q

What greenhouse gases are released when permafrost thaws?

A

Carbon dioxide and methane

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23
Q

What is the impact of carbon dioxide and methane released from thawing permafrost?

A

They contribute to the greenhouse effect

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24
Q

What is an example of a unique relationship between organisms?

A

Bacteria living on plant roots or leaves getting nutrients from the plant and protecting it from pathogens

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25
Q

What is the study of interactions between populations called?

A

Microbial ecology

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26
Q

What is a population?

A

A group of individual organisms belonging to the same biological species and limited to a certain geographic area

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27
Q

What is symbiosis?

A

Any interaction between different species within a community

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28
Q

What are the main types of symbiotic relationships among prokaryotes?

A

Mutualism, Amensalism, Commensalism, Neutralism, Parasitism

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29
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Benefit for both populations

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30
Q

What is amensalism?

A

Harm for one population, no effect on the other

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31
Q

What is commensalism?

A

Benefit for one population, no effect on the other

32
Q

What is neutralism?

A

No effect on either population

33
Q

What is parasitism?

A

Benefit for one population, harm for the other

34
Q

What vitamin do humans derive from E. coli?

A

Vitamin K

35
Q

What is vitamin K important for?

A

Formation of blood clotting factors

36
Q

How does Staphylococcus epidermidis benefit from commensalism?

A

Uses dead cells of human skin as nutrients

37
Q

What do we call this type of symbiosis when neither of the organisms is affected?

A

Neutralism

38
Q

What is the name of the symbiotic relationship where one organism benefits while harming the other?

A

Parasitism

39
Q

How can the relationship between humans and pathogenic prokaryotes be characterized?

A

As parasitic

40
Q

What are some examples of diseases that arise from interactions between bacteria and humans?

A

Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, leprosy

41
Q

What is a microbiome?

A

All microorganisms associated with an organism

42
Q

What are the two types of microbiota in the human microbiome?

A

Resident and transient

43
Q

What is resident microbiota?

A

Microorganisms constantly living in/on our bodies

44
Q

What is transient microbiota?

A

Microorganisms temporarily in the human body

45
Q

Name some bacteria that showed significant differences in prevalence between individuals.

A

Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Neisseria

46
Q

What genus becomes predominant in the intestine?

A

Bacteroides

47
Q

Where do humans acquire their first inoculations of normal flora?

A

During natural birth and shortly after birth

48
Q

What population serves as the first colonization of microbiota during natural birth?

A

Lactobacillus spp.

49
Q

What is the process of acquiring additional microbes after birth?

A

Acquired from health-care providers, parents, relatives, and individuals who come in contact with the baby.

50
Q

Why are resident microbiotas important for human health?

A

They occupy niches that might be taken by pathogenic microorganisms.

51
Q

What happens to the pH of the vagina when the population of resident microbiota is decreased?

A

It increases

52
Q

What can disrupt the microbiota of the intestinal tract and respiratory tract?

A

Antibiotic therapy

53
Q

Why is it challenging to assign prokaryotes to a certain species?

A

No sexual reproduction, few morphological features

54
Q

What were the traditional criteria used for the classification of prokaryotes?

A

Shape, staining patterns, biochemical or physiological differences

55
Q

What is the more recent criterion for microbial classification?

A

Nucleotide sequences in genes

56
Q

Who published A Manual in Determinative Bacteriology?

A

David Hendricks Bergey

57
Q

What classification system did Bergey use?

A

Latin binomial classification

58
Q

What properties did Bergey include in his manual?

A

Morphological, physiological, and biochemical properties

59
Q

What is the importance of Bergey’s manual?

A

It is a great aid in bacterial taxonomy and methods of characterization of bacteria

60
Q

What determines the approved names of bacteria in the publication?

A

List of Prokaryotic Names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)

61
Q

How are bacteria traditionally classified based on their staining patterns?

A

Gram-positive, gram-negative, and atypical

62
Q

What is the staining characteristic of gram-positive bacteria?

A

Retains crystal violet and appears purple

63
Q

What is the difference between the cell walls of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall, while gram-negative bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall.

64
Q

What happens to gram-negative bacteria during the decolourizing step of the Gram stain procedure?

A

Gram-negative bacteria lose the crystal violet and appear light red/pink after staining with the safranin.

65
Q

What are bacteria called that cannot be stained by the standard Gram stain procedure?

A

Atypical bacteria

66
Q

Which bacterial species are included in the atypical category?

A

Mycoplasma and Chlamydia

67
Q

Why do atypical bacteria not retain the gram-stain reagents?

A

They lack a cell wall.

68
Q

Why are Rickettsia considered atypical?

A

Too small for Gram stain

69
Q

How are gram-negative bacteria further classified?

A

Proteobacteria, CFB, spirochetes

70
Q

What is a characteristic feature of spirochetes?

A

They have a spiral shape.

71
Q

How are gram-positive bacteria classified based on nucleotides?

A

Low G+C and high G+C

72
Q

What percentage of guanine and cytosine nucleotides do low G+C gram-positive bacteria have in their DNA?

A

Less than 50%

73
Q

Name three human pathogens from the low G+C gram-positive bacteria group.

A

Anthrax, tetanus, listeriosis

74
Q

What are high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Bacteria with more than 50% guanine and cytosine nucleotides in their DNA.

75
Q

Which diseases are caused by high G+C gram-positive bacteria?

A

Diphtheria, tuberculosis, and others.

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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