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BMSC 210 > BMSC210 CH1.1 > Flashcards

BMSC210 CH1.1 Flashcards

1
Q

What invention made it possible to prove the existence of many types of microbes?

A

the microscope

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2
Q

What are some examples of fermented foods and beverages?

A

beer, wine, bread, yogurt, cheese, pickled vegetables

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3
Q

What is microbial fermentation?

A

Process that uses bacteria, mould, or yeast to convert sugars to alcohol, gases, and organic acids.

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4
Q

How did people first learn about fermentation?

A

Possibly by accident, such as drinking old milk that had curdled or old grape juice that had fermented.

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5
Q

What are some products made using fermentation?

A

Bread, cheese, and wine.

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6
Q

What type of organism is yeast?

A

Fungus

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7
Q

How do yeast cells cause bread to rise?

A

By metabolizing carbohydrates and producing carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Who is Ötzi the Iceman?

A

A 5300-year-old mummy found frozen in the Ötzal Alps.

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9
Q

What possible treatment for his infections was Ötzi carrying?

A

Piptoporus betulinus fungus

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10
Q

What was Ötzi using the Piptoporus betulinus fungus for?

A

Possibly trying to treat his infections

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11
Q

What understanding did some ancient civilizations have about disease transmission?

A

Could be transmitted by things they couldn’t see

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12
Q

What is an example of historical attempts to contain the spread of disease?

A

Quarantining people with leprosy and other diseases

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13
Q

What do historical attempts to contain the spread of disease suggest?

A

Understanding that diseases could be communicable

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14
Q

What did the ancient Greeks attribute disease to?

A

Bad air and miasmatic odours.

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15
Q

What did the Romans believe in?

A

The miasma hypothesis.

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16
Q

What sanitation infrastructure did the Romans create?

A

Aqueducts and the Cloaca Maxima.

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17
Q

What did researchers believe about the Roman sanitation infrastructure?

A

It helped protect them from epidemics of waterborne illnesses.

18
Q

Who is considered the ‘father of Western medicine’?

A

Hippocrates

19
Q

What did some doctors, philosophers, and scientists understand before the invention of the microscope?

A

Invisible forces (microbes) that can cause infection, disease, and death

20
Q

Who dismissed the idea that disease was caused by supernatural forces?

A

Hippocrates

21
Q

What important observation did Thucydides make about the Athenian plague?

A

Survivors did not get re-infected

22
Q

Who observed that survivors of the Athenian plague were immune to the infection?

A

Thucydides

23
Q

Who proposed that certain minute creatures in the air cause diseases?

A

Marcus Terentius Varro

24
Q

Who was the first to develop a lens powerful enough to view microbes?

A

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

25
Q

What invention definitively confirmed the existence of invisible microscopic creatures?

A

Microscope

26
Q

What did the ancients suspect to be the cause of diseases?

A

Invisible minute creatures

27
Q

Who was able to observe single-celled organisms in 1675?

A

Leeuwenhoek

28
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek describe the organisms as?

A

animalcules or wee little beasties

29
Q

When did the Golden Age of Microbiology occur?

A

between 1857 and 1914

30
Q

Who were two famous microbiologists?

A

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

31
Q

What process did Louis Pasteur invent to kill microorganisms responsible for spoilage?

A

Pasteurization

32
Q

What did Louis Pasteur develop vaccines for?

A

The treatment of diseases, including rabies, in animals and humans

33
Q

Who was the first to demonstrate the connection between a single, isolated microbe and a known human disease?

A

Koch

34
Q

What are three diseases that Koch discovered the bacteria for?

A

Anthrax, cholera, tuberculosis

35
Q

Who is credited with numerous innovations that advanced the fields of microbiology and immunology?

A

Louis Pasteur

36
Q

Who identified the specific microbes that cause anthrax, cholera, and tuberculosis?

A

Robert Koch

37
Q

Who is considered the pioneer of microbial ecology?

A

Sergei Winogradsky

38
Q

What were the lab-based ecosystems used by Sergei Winogradsky called?

A

Winogradsky columns

39
Q

What is lithotrophy?

A

Obtaining energy from inorganic molecules

40
Q

How did the early photosynthetic bacteria affect Earth’s atmosphere?

A

They produced enough oxygen to change the atmosphere from anaerobic to aerobic.

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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