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BMSC 210 > Module 2 - Notes > Flashcards

Module 2 - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes are divided into which 2 groups?

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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2
Q

Which morphological features do we use to define bacterial species?

A

Shape

Staining Patterns

Biochemical Tests

Growth Patterns

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3
Q

How do we use genetics to define bacterial species?

A

97% 16s rRMA identity

As genetic technology has improved, the definition of bacteria species has evolved.

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4
Q

What are the 5 groups of bacteria that were discussed in the lectures?

A

Proteobacteria

Non-proteobacteria gram-negative

Actinobacteria

Firmicutes

Deep branching bacteria

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5
Q

Proteobacteria can be subdivided into which groups?

A

Alphaproteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Deltaproteobacteria

Epsilonproteobacteria

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6
Q

What are the properties of proteobacteria?

A

16s rRNA gene sequencing

Gram-Negative

subdivided into 5 groups

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7
Q

What are the properties of alphaproteobacteria?

A

Oligotroph (Grow in low nutrient environment)

Fix nitrogen

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of alphaproteobacteria?

A

Chlamydia

Rickettsiae

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9
Q

What is unique about the Chlamydia life cycle?

A

form elementary bodies that are infectious

bind to host cells and then invade them.

they become reticular bodies (most metabolically active form)

replicates within the cell

differentiates into elementary bodies and eventually kills the host cell

cells are released and spread to other healthy cells.

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10
Q

What are the properties of betaproteobacteria?

A

Eutroph (grow in high nutrient environment)

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11
Q

What are some examples of betaproteobacteria?

A

Neisseria
Meningitis & Gonorrhoea

Bordetella pertussis
= Whopping Cough

both are obligate human pathogens (only live in humans)

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12
Q

What are the properties of gammaproteobacteria?

A

largest & most diverse group

aerobic or facultative aerobes
(need oxygen) but (can grow in the absence of oxygen)

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13
Q

What are some sample families of gammaproteobacteria?

A

Pseudomonaceae

Pasteurellaceae
(important in agriculture)

Vibrionaceae

Legionellaceae

Enterobacteriaceae
(important in gasterointestinal tract)

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14
Q

Enterobacteriaceae can be split into 2 groups which are

A

Coliforms & Non-coliforms

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15
Q

What are coliform enterobacteriaceae?

A

Bacteria that ferment lactose
(acid & gas production)

Escherichia Coli

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16
Q

What are non-coliform enterobacteriaceae?

A

Bacteria that do not ferment lactose
(no acid or o gas)

Salmonella

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17
Q

What are the properties of Deltaproteobacteria?

A

Sulphate reducing bacteria

18
Q

What are some examples of deltaproteobacteria?

A

Bdellovibrio

vampire/predatory bacteria that kills other bacteria

Myxobacteria

  • slime bacteria
  • motile & highly social
  • survive harsh conditions
  • thick cell wall
19
Q

What are the properties of Epsilonproteobacteria?

A

Smallest group

microaerophilic
(they need oxygen but if they get too much they die)

19
Q

What are some examples of Epsiolonproteobacteria?

A

Campylobacter

gives you bad stomach or intestinal infection

Helicobacter

gives you gastric ulcer

20
Q

How can you differentiate between alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobactiera?

A

Their ability to grow in a low or a high nutrient environment

Oligotroph vs Eutroph

21
Q

Non-proteobacteria Gram-Negative can be divided into the following 4 groups

A

Spirochetes

CFB (Cytophaga, fusobacterium, bacteriodes)

Planctomycetes

Phototrophic bacteria

22
Q

What are the characteristics of spirochetes?

A

long thin spiral-shaped
(corkscrew)

difficult to gram stain

best seen using darkfield fluorescent microscopy

axial filament (flagella) for mobility

23
Q

What are some examples of spirochetes?

A

Borrelia

responsible for lyme disease

Treponema

syphilis

24
Q

What are the characteristics of CFB?

Cytophaga
Fusobacterium
Bacteroides

A

rod-shaped bacteria

anaerobic bacteria
(strict or aerotolerant)

Fermenters

25
Q

What are the characteristics of Planctomycetes?

A

Aquatic environments

Budding cell division

Swarmer cells & Sessile cells

26
Q

What are the characteristics of phototrophic bacteria?

A

carry out photosynthesis

oxygen-producing bacteria

cyanobacteria

27
Q

What are the common characteristics of actinobacteria?

A

High G + C gram-positive bacteria

very diverse

found in the soil but some are aquatic

majority are aerobic

28
Q

What are some examples of actinobacteria?

A

Acid-fast bacteria
Mycobacterium

Corynebacterium
- diptheria

*Bifidobacterium
- anaerobic

29
Q

What are the common characteristics of Firmicutes?

A

Low G + C gram-positive bacteria

also known as Bacillota

there are 4 sub-groups

30
Q

What are the 4 sub-groups of firmicutes?

A

Clostridia

Lactobacillales

Bacilli

Mycoplasma

31
Q

What are the characteristics of clostridia?

A

obligate anaerobes

Endospores

32
Q

What is an example of Clostridia?

A

Clostridium

tetanus

33
Q

What are the characteristics of Lactobacillales?

A

Lactic acid bacteria

Ferment yogurts and cheeses

34
Q

What are some examples of lactobacillales?

A

Listeria

Lactobacillus

  • Leuconostoc*

Enterococcus

Streptococcus

35
Q

What are the characteristics/examples of Bacilli?

A

Bacillus

Aerobic or facultative anaerobe
Endospore former

Staphylococcus

facultative anaerobes

36
Q

What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma?

A

Special Group

No cell wall, no peptidoglycan

not gram-stainable

small and pleomorphic (many different shapes)

37
Q

How do you differentiate a clostridia from a bacilli?

A

the oxygen requirements

obligate anaerobe vs obligate aerobe/facultative anaerobe

38
Q

What defines the Deep Branching Bacteria?

A

Evolved from ancient and extinct forms of life

Adapted to the harshest/extreme conditions

39
Q

What are some examples of deep branching bacteria?

A

Deinococcus radiodurans
- not killed by high radiation

Thermotogae
- stain gram-negative (sheath-like outer membrane)
- anaerobic

Aquificae
- adapted to the harshest conditions

40
Q

How do you differentiate between a Thermotogae and gram-negative bacteria?

A

The composition of the outer membrane

Thermotogae has a sheath-like outer membrance

41
Q
A

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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