Module 2 - Notes Flashcards

1
Q

Prokaryotes are divided into which 2 groups?

A

Bacteria & Archaea

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2
Q

Which morphological features do we use to define bacterial species?

A

Shape

Staining Patterns

Biochemical Tests

Growth Patterns

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3
Q

How do we use genetics to define bacterial species?

A

97% 16s rRMA identity

As genetic technology has improved, the definition of bacteria species has evolved.

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4
Q

What are the 5 groups of bacteria that were discussed in the lectures?

A

Proteobacteria

Non-proteobacteria gram-negative

Actinobacteria

Firmicutes

Deep branching bacteria

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5
Q

Proteobacteria can be subdivided into which groups?

A

Alphaproteobacteria

Betaproteobacteria

Gammaproteobacteria

Deltaproteobacteria

Epsilonproteobacteria

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6
Q

What are the properties of proteobacteria?

A

16s rRNA gene sequencing

Gram-Negative

subdivided into 5 groups

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7
Q

What are the properties of alphaproteobacteria?

A

Oligotroph (Grow in low nutrient environment)

Fix nitrogen

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8
Q

What are 2 examples of alphaproteobacteria?

A

Chlamydia

Rickettsiae

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9
Q

What is unique about the Chlamydia life cycle?

A

form elementary bodies that are infectious

bind to host cells and then invade them.

they become reticular bodies (most metabolically active form)

replicates within the cell

differentiates into elementary bodies and eventually kills the host cell

cells are released and spread to other healthy cells.

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10
Q

What are the properties of betaproteobacteria?

A

Eutroph (grow in high nutrient environment)

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11
Q

What are some examples of betaproteobacteria?

A

Neisseria
Meningitis & Gonorrhoea

Bordetella pertussis
= Whopping Cough

both are obligate human pathogens (only live in humans)

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12
Q

What are the properties of gammaproteobacteria?

A

largest & most diverse group

aerobic or facultative aerobes
(need oxygen) but (can grow in the absence of oxygen)

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13
Q

What are some sample families of gammaproteobacteria?

A

Pseudomonaceae

Pasteurellaceae
(important in agriculture)

Vibrionaceae

Legionellaceae

Enterobacteriaceae
(important in gasterointestinal tract)

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14
Q

Enterobacteriaceae can be split into 2 groups which are

A

Coliforms & Non-coliforms

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15
Q

What are coliform enterobacteriaceae?

A

Bacteria that ferment lactose
(acid & gas production)

Escherichia Coli

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16
Q

What are non-coliform enterobacteriaceae?

A

Bacteria that do not ferment lactose
(no acid or o gas)

Salmonella

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17
Q

What are the properties of Deltaproteobacteria?

A

Sulphate reducing bacteria

18
Q

What are some examples of deltaproteobacteria?

A

Bdellovibrio

vampire/predatory bacteria that kills other bacteria

Myxobacteria

  • slime bacteria
  • motile & highly social
  • survive harsh conditions
  • thick cell wall
19
Q

What are the properties of Epsilonproteobacteria?

A

Smallest group

microaerophilic
(they need oxygen but if they get too much they die)

19
Q

What are some examples of Epsiolonproteobacteria?

A

Campylobacter

gives you bad stomach or intestinal infection

Helicobacter

gives you gastric ulcer

20
Q

How can you differentiate between alphaproteobacteria and betaproteobactiera?

A

Their ability to grow in a low or a high nutrient environment

Oligotroph vs Eutroph

21
Q

Non-proteobacteria Gram-Negative can be divided into the following 4 groups

A

Spirochetes

CFB (Cytophaga, fusobacterium, bacteriodes)

Planctomycetes

Phototrophic bacteria

22
Q

What are the characteristics of spirochetes?

A

long thin spiral-shaped
(corkscrew)

difficult to gram stain

best seen using darkfield fluorescent microscopy

axial filament (flagella) for mobility

23
Q

What are some examples of spirochetes?

A

Borrelia

responsible for lyme disease

Treponema

syphilis

24
What are the characteristics of CFB? Cytophaga Fusobacterium Bacteroides
rod-shaped bacteria anaerobic bacteria (strict or aerotolerant) Fermenters
25
What are the characteristics of Planctomycetes?
Aquatic environments Budding cell division Swarmer cells & Sessile cells
26
What are the characteristics of phototrophic bacteria?
carry out photosynthesis oxygen-producing bacteria cyanobacteria
27
What are the common characteristics of actinobacteria?
High G + C gram-positive bacteria very diverse found in the soil but some are aquatic majority are aerobic
28
What are some examples of actinobacteria?
Acid-fast bacteria *Mycobacterium* *Corynebacterium* - diptheria *Bifidobacterium - anaerobic
29
What are the common characteristics of Firmicutes?
Low G + C gram-positive bacteria also known as Bacillota there are 4 sub-groups
30
What are the 4 sub-groups of firmicutes?
Clostridia Lactobacillales Bacilli Mycoplasma
31
What are the characteristics of clostridia?
obligate anaerobes Endospores
32
What is an example of Clostridia?
*Clostridium* tetanus
33
What are the characteristics of Lactobacillales?
Lactic acid bacteria Ferment yogurts and cheeses
34
What are some examples of lactobacillales?
*Listeria* *Lactobacillus* * Leuconostoc* *Enterococcus* *Streptococcus*
35
What are the characteristics/examples of Bacilli?
*Bacillus* Aerobic or facultative anaerobe Endospore former *Staphylococcus* facultative anaerobes
36
What are the characteristics of Mycoplasma?
Special Group No cell wall, no peptidoglycan not gram-stainable small and pleomorphic (many different shapes)
37
How do you differentiate a clostridia from a bacilli?
the oxygen requirements obligate anaerobe vs obligate aerobe/facultative anaerobe
38
What defines the Deep Branching Bacteria?
Evolved from ancient and extinct forms of life Adapted to the harshest/extreme conditions
39
What are some examples of deep branching bacteria?
*Deinococcus radiodurans* - not killed by high radiation Thermotogae - stain gram-negative (sheath-like outer membrane) - anaerobic Aquificae - adapted to the harshest conditions
40
How do you differentiate between a Thermotogae and gram-negative bacteria?
The composition of the outer membrane Thermotogae has a sheath-like outer membrance
41