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BMSC 210 > BMSC210 CH4.6 > Flashcards

BMSC210 CH4.6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are some unique characteristics of Archaea?

A

Ether linkages with branched isoprene chains in cell membrane, lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls

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2
Q

What conditions do extremophilic archaea prefer?

A

Extreme hot or cold, extreme salinity, or other hostile conditions

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3
Q

Can archaea perform methanogenesis?

A

Yes

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4
Q

How many major supergroups does the domain Archaea include today?

A

At least 4
Euryarchaeota
TACK
Asgard
DPANN

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5
Q

Do archaea cause infectious diseases in humans, animals, plants, or microorganisms?

A

No

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6
Q

What roles do archaea play in the environment?

A

Cycling of elements

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7
Q

What are lithotrophs?

A

Autotrophic organisms using CO2 as a carbon source.

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8
Q

What is unique about methanogens?

A

They can reduce carbon dioxide in the presence of hydrogen, producing methane.

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9
Q

What is the possible connection between methanogens and Mars?

A

Methanogens may inhabit Mars

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10
Q

Do methanogens require oxygen to produce methane?

A

No, they are mostly strict anaerobes

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11
Q

What is the class that includes halophilic archaea?

A

Halobacteria

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12
Q

What type of environment do Halobacteria require?

A

High concentrations of sodium chloride

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13
Q

What gives salt ponds a distinct purple color?

A

Halobacteria

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14
Q

What does Halobacterium salinarum produce to give it buoyancy?

A

proteinaceous gas vesicles

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15
Q

What is the difference between Vac+ and Vac- cells?

A

Vac+ cells form pink white colonies, whereas Vac- mutants are red and transparent

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16
Q

What role do Archaea play in the oceans?

A

They play dominant roles in carbon fixation and ammonia oxidation.

17
Q

What are hydrothermal vents?

A

Cracks in the earth’s crust where geothermally heated water leaks out.

18
Q

What are affitins?

A

Thermostable and acid-resistant proteins

19
Q

What is the function of affitins?

A

Bind and neutralize antigens

20
Q

What are antigens?

A

Molecules found in toxins or infectious agents that provoke an immune response

21
Q

Where do Halobacteria live and what is their metabolism?

A

Extreme salty environments, they use light energy to generate ATP

22
Q

What is the role of hyperthermophilic archaea in deep sea vent food chains?

A

They serve as primary producers, converting inorganic compounds into organic matter

23
Q

What are some similarities between archaea and bacteria?

A

Lack of nucleus, unicellular, 70S ribosomes, asexual reproduction

24
Q

What are some structures that archaea can have?

A

Plasmids, inclusions, flagella, pili

25
Q

What is the difference between the membrane lipids of bacteria and archaea?

A

Bacteria have ester-linked lipids while archaea have ether-linked lipids with isoprenoid chains.

26
Q

What is the difference in membrane structure between archaea and bacteria/eukaryotes?

A

Archaea can have monolayers while bacteria and eukaryotes have lipid bilayers.

27
Q

What is the purpose of the archaeal cell wall?

A

Protection from the environment and cellular pressure

28
Q

What is the main difference between the cell walls of bacteria and archaea?

A

Archaea lack peptidoglycan

29
Q

What is unique about the S-layer in archaea?

A

It is considered part of the cell wall itself

30
Q

What is the archaeal S-layer made of?

A

Protein or glycoprotein

31
Q

Where is the archaeal S-layer anchored?

A

Plasma membrane

32
Q

What is the structure of the archaeal S-layer?

A

Two-dimensional crystalline array with a smooth outer surface

33
Q

What are smaller independent pieces of DNA called?

A

Plasmids

34
Q

How are archaea different from bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

Genetically distinct, with up to 15% of protein encoded by archaeal genome being unique

BMSC 210 (24 decks)

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