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Anatomy & Physiology > Module 3: Cells > Flashcards

Module 3: Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Where is a cell’s genetic information is contained?

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

Cells depend on which organelle for energy?

A

Mitochondria

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

A

The framework of the cell

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4
Q

Define Isotonic

A

A solution with the same concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

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5
Q

Define Hypotonic

A

A solution with a higher concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

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6
Q

Define Hypertonic

A

A solution with a lower concentration of solutes as that inside the cell.

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7
Q

What is Osmotic pressure?

A

the water pressure that develops from osmosis.

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8
Q

What is Endocytosis?

A

Brings substances into the cell

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9
Q

What is Exocytosis?

A

Uses vesicles to release substances outside the cell

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10
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

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11
Q

What is diffusion?

A

Movement of particles or molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

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12
Q

What is the Sodium-Potassium pump?

A

It moves sodium ions out of cells & potassium ions into cells

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13
Q

Why do you think nerve cells have long extensions?

A

To quickly transmit electrical impulses from one part of the body to another

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14
Q

Why do you think muscle cells can shorten?

A

To allow body parts to move

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15
Q

Why are RBC’s concave?

A

The shape allows these cells to bend and squeeze through tiny blood vessels

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16
Q

What is the plasma membrane?

A

Surrounds the cell. Regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

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17
Q

What is the nucleus?

A

The control centre of the cell. Contains the genetic information

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18
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

Substance that fills the space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

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19
Q

What does the plasma membrane consist of?

A

Phospholipids, cholesterol and proteins

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20
Q

What is the role of cholesterol molecules in the plasma membrane?

A

to stiffen and strengthen the plasma membrane

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21
Q

What does selectively permeable mean?

A

That some substances such as lipid-soluble molecules pass through easily while others do not

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22
Q

What type of cells contain more than one nucleus?

A

Liver cells and skeletal cells

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23
Q

What type of cells do not have a nucleus?

A

Mature red blood cells

24
Q

What is the nuclear envelope?

A

A double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleous

25
Q

What is the role of nuclear pores?

A

Regulate the passage of molecules into the nucleus

26
Q

What are Chromatin?

A

Thread-like structures composed of DNA and protein

27
Q

What is the role of the nucleolus?

A

Manufacture components of ribosomes, the cell’s protein-producing structures.

28
Q

What is the Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

network of membranous canals and curving sacs

29
Q

What is the role of Ribosomes?

A

Synthesize protein

30
Q

What is the role of smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

Contains enzymes that synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates

31
Q

What is the role of the Golgi Apparatus?

A

prepares and packages proteins for export to other parts of the body

32
Q

What is the cristae of the mitochondria?

A

Folding membranes

33
Q

What is the role of the enzymes found between the spaces of the cristae?

A

The organelle uses to convert organic compounds into ATP which cells use for energy

34
Q

Why do some cells contain more mitochondria than others?

A

Cells that do more work need more energy

35
Q

What is the role of the cytoskeleton?

A

The supporting framework of the cell- determines the shape of the cell, gives it strength, and also allows the cell to move.

36
Q

What is passive transport and what does it include?

A

Don’t require the cells to expend energy. It includes diffusion, osmosis, filtration, and facilitated diffusion.

37
Q

What is active transport?

A

Solutes move up the concentration gradient from areas of lesser to greater concentration.

38
Q

What would happen to an RBC in an isotonic solution?

A

Water moves in and out of the cell at an equal rate?

39
Q

What would happen to an RBC in a hypertonic solution?

A

Water will diffuse out of the cell causing it to shrivel and perhaps die

40
Q

What would happen to an RBC in a hypotonic solution?

A

Water will move by osmosis into the cell causing the cell to swell and eventually burst

41
Q

What is filtration?

A

Difference in pressure- water and dissolved particles are forced across a membrane from an area of higher to lower hydrostatic pressure

42
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

Molecules helping other molecules to move across the membrane

43
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

A form of vesicular transport that brings substances into the cell

44
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Cell eating. Occurs when engulfs a solid particle and brings it into the cell.

45
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cell drinking. Occurs when tiny vacuoles bring droplets of extracellular fluid containing dissolved substances into the cell.

46
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

Uses vesicles to release substances outside of the cel

47
Q

What is the role of DNA?

A

Stores all of a cell’s genetic information needed to develop, function and maintain itself.

48
Q

DNA is a polymer, what does that mean?

A

It is a large molecule made up of many smaller molecules joined together in a sequence that encodes the cell’s genetic information.

49
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine

50
Q

Why does DNA need help from RNA?

A

Because DNA is too large to leave the nucleus and protein synthesis takes place in the cytoplasm

51
Q

What is transcription?

A

When the nucleus receives a chemical message to make a new protein, the segment of DNA with the relevant gene unwinds.

52
Q

What is translation?

A

The ribosome moves along the strand of mRNA reading the codons

53
Q

What happens in prophase?

A

Chromatin beings to coil and condense to form chromosomes, each duplicated chromosome consists of two strands and each contain a single molecule of DNA. The two join together in the middle at a spot called the centromere, centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell, the nuclear envelope dissolves and spindle fibers form in the cytoplasm

54
Q

What happens in metaphase?

A

Some of the spindle fibers attach to one side of the chromosomes at the centromere, the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.

55
Q

What happens in Anaphase?

A

The centromeres divide forming two chromosomes instead of a pair of attached chromatids, the spindle fibers pull the newly formed chromosomes to opposite poles of the cell

56
Q

What happens in Telephase?

A

A new nuclear envelope develops around each set of daughter chromosomes, the spindle fibers disappear and the cytoplasm divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

57
Q

What are organelles?

A

The structures within the cell that perform specific tasks in cellular metabolism

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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