Midterm A Flashcards
What is the definition of anatomy?
The study of the structure of the body
What is the definition of physiology?
The study of how the body functions
What do cells group together to form?
Tissues
How many organ systems does the body consist of?
Eleven
Describe anatomical position.
Standing erect, arms at sides, with face, palms and feet facing forward
What is homeostasis?
Consistency or balance.
Define negative feedback, and provide an example.
When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change. Ex: Dropping temp, thermostat detects and sends message to furnace.
What is another name for armpits? How about the front of the elbow?
Armpits: Axillary
Elbow: Antecubital
Where is the thoracic cavity? What is found in this cavity?
Chest; mediastinum and pleural cavity
What is catabolism?
Phase of metabolism during which complex substances are converted to simpler ones resulting in the release of chemical energy
What is anabolism?
The constructive phase of metabolism during which cells use nutrients and energy for growth and repair
What is normal body pH range?
7.35-7.45
What is the body’s main source of energy?
Carbohydrates
What are the functions of lipids?
They’re insoluble in water. They are a reserve supply of energy.
What is the role of the cell membrane?
Surrounding the cell, it regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.
What is the role of the cell’s nucleus?
The cells control center
What is the role of the golgi apparatus?
Receive proteins from the ER and prepares and packages them for export to other parts o the body
What is the difference between passive transport vs. active transport?
Passive: Diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Active:
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump.
Regulates volume of fluid within cells
What is the difference between endocytosis vs. exocytosis?
Endo: Bringing substance into cell
Exo: Release substance outside of cell
What is the role of DNA found in the cell’s nucleus?
Store all of the cells genetic information
One of the main functions of the cell is protein synthesis, in two words describe what this is.
Transcription and translation
What is mitosis?
When the cell splits into two identical daughter cells
What are stem cells?
Specialized cells that can differentiate into many different types of cells
Where is epithelial tissue found in the body? Is it vascular or avascular?
Covering body surface, lining body cavities and many organs and forms certain glands. Avascular.
Where is connective tissue found, and what is its purpose?
Throughout the body. Connect body together, support and bind organs.
What is bone composed of, and what is its purpose?
Bone cells - Osteocytes. Bones give the body structure and provide support and protection.
What are the names for the 3 membranes that line the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal cavity and organs?
Mucous, Cutaneous and Serous
What does the integumentary system consist of?
Skin, hair and nails
What are the names of the 3 layers of the cutaneous membrane
Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis
What is the name of the cells that give skin its color? What do the cells produce?
Melanocytes and they produce melanin
What is the role of sebaceous glands?
Secrete an oily substance called sebum which helps keep the skin and hair from drying out.
What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system, and what do they consist of?
Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System: Network of nerves throughout the body
What part of autonomic motor division of the PNS arouses the body for action?
Sympathetic division
What is the role of the neuroglia?
Supportive cells of the nervous system they bind neurons together
Explain the sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system.
Carries signals from nerve endings to CNS
Explain the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system.
Transmits information from CNS to rest of body
What is the role of the blood brain barrier?
Allows small molecules to diffuse across the brain but block larger molecules
What is the role of the myelin?
Insulates the axon and help speed impulse conduction
Which of the following are the 2 parts of the brain that regulate breathing?
Medulla oblongata and pons
What are the layers of the meninges of the brain in order, beginning from outer to inner?
Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Receives, and processes messages from all over the brain. Monitor body movements, store information, evaluate sensory input
What is the role of CSF?
Fills the ventricles and central canal; also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord.
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Control HR & BP, control hunger, thirst and temp. Involved in emotional responses.
What occurs in the Temporal Lobe?
Hearing, smelling, learning, memory, emotional behavior and visual recognition
What occurs in the Parietal Lobe?
Receiving and interpreting bodily sensations, governs proprioception
What occurs in the Occipital lobe?
Analyze and interpret visual information
What occurs in the Frontal Lobe?
Voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision making, reasoning and aggression.
What are the main differences between the endocrine system versus the nervous system?
Endo employs hormones to relay messages, whereas nervous relays neurotransmitters, endo exerts long-lasting effects, nervous exerts short-lived
What is the largest endocrine gland?
Thyroid gland
Where are the parathyroid glands found?
In the posterior lobes of the thyroid
Where are the adrenal glands found?
on top of each kidney
Pancreatic cells produce insulin and glucagon. What is the role of these 2 hormones in maintaining blood glucose levels?
Glucagon- released when hypoglycemic
Insulin- released when hyperglycemic
What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex, and what do they do?
Aldosterone- Promote sodium and potassium retention
Cortisol-Helps body adapt to stress
Androgen/Testosterone/Estrogen
What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?
Water retention
The thyroid gland is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. What is the main role of the thyroid?
Secrete hormones that affect the body’s metabolic rate
Where is the point or maximal impulse found?
Apex
What are the names of the great vessels that transport blood to and from the heart?
Inferior/Superior Vena Cava, pulmonary artery, four pulmonary veins, and aorta
Name the atrioventricular valves?
Tricuspid valve and bicuspid/mitral valve
Name the semilunar valves?
Pulmonary valve and aortic valve
What causes the valves of the heart to open and close?
Pressure changes within the heart
What is the role of coronary circulation?
Keep the heart well supplied with oxygenated blood
What is the plasma?
Clear, extracellular fluid
What is the other name for white blood cells, and what is their function?
Leukocytes- defend body against infectious pathogens
What role do platelets play?
Stop bleeding
Capillaries have a thin layer of cells, why do you think this is?
Substances can filter through
What is another name for cardiac muscle?
Myocardium
When the heart relaxes it is called diastole, when the heart contracts it is called ___________________.
Systole
What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?
Trachea and bronchial tree
What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?
In inspiration the diaphragm contracts, flattens, and drops, pressing the abdominal organs downward and enlarging the thoracic cavity. In Expiration the diaphragm relaxes, bulging upward and pressing against the base of the lungs, reducing the size of the thoracic cavity.
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Produce immune cells that defend the body against disease.
What is the role of the valves in the lymphatic vessels?
Prevent backflow
What are lymph nodes?
Nodules where lymph fluid trickles into and pathogens and other foreign substances are removed. They also serve as a final site of maturation for some types of lymphocytes and monocytes.
What are the main functions of the spleen?
Destruction of old RBCs, blood storage, and ingest and destroy any pathogenic organisms
How can fever be beneficial for the body?
Elevated body temperature inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and virus
Name and explain the body’s 3 lines of defense.
1st line- external barriers such as skin
2nd line-Nonspecific immunity, production of white blood cells, inflammation and fever
3rd line- Specific immunity- occurs when body retains a memory of that pathogen
What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?
Active- Body makes its own antibodies or T-cells against pathogens
Passive- Antibiotics
Define the four classes of immunity?
Natural Active- Occurs when body produces antibodies
Artificial Active- Result of vaccination
Natural Passive- Passed through to baby by placenta or breast feeding
Artificial Passive- Obtaining serum from person that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen
What is the role of nephrons
Functional unit of kidney.
What are the 2 main components of the nephron?
Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule
Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: Aldosterone
Reabsorb sodium chloride and H20, excrete Potassium. Blood volume and BP rise
Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: atrial natriuretic hormone
Excrete sodium chloride and H20, cause blood volume and BP to fall
Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: antidiuretic hormone
Reabsorb H20
Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: parathyroid hormone
Reabsorb calcium and excrete phosphate
What is the name of the cells that line the bladder?
Epithelium cells
What is the key role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system?
Maintain BP, and a steady glomerular filtration rate.
Where is most of the body’s water located?
Inside our cells
What is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid?
Sodium
What is the main electrolyte found in intracellular fluid?
Potassium
How is potassium mainly eliminated from the body?
Urine
Where is calcium stored?
Bones
What is it called when the pH level goes below the normal range?
Blood becomes too acidic
What are the main functions of the urinary system?
Eliminate waste, regulate BP, production of RBC
What are the main functions of the skeletal system?
Support and protection
What does red marrow produce?
Red blood cells
How many bones are found within each part of the spine, starting from the cervical spine?
Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacrum 5 Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae
Fibrocartilage (or intervertebral discs) are found between the vertebrae. What do you think the role of this cartilage is?
Support weight and absorb shock
What bones does the thoracic cage consist of, and what is the role of the thoracic cage?
Sternum and ribs. Protects the heart and lungs and provides an attachment site for the shoulder and upper limbs
What is the other name for white blood cells, and what is their function?
Erythocytes- they deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide
Which Antigens are carried by Type 0 blood?
None
What are the structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract?
Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
