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Anatomy & Physiology > Midterm A > Flashcards

Midterm A Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of anatomy?

A

The study of the structure of the body

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2
Q

What is the definition of physiology?

A

The study of how the body functions

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3
Q

What do cells group together to form?

A

Tissues

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4
Q

How many organ systems does the body consist of?

A

Eleven

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5
Q

Describe anatomical position.

A

Standing erect, arms at sides, with face, palms and feet facing forward

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6
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Consistency or balance.

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7
Q

Define negative feedback, and provide an example.

A

When the effector opposes the stimulus and reverses the direction of change. Ex: Dropping temp, thermostat detects and sends message to furnace.

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8
Q

What is another name for armpits? How about the front of the elbow?

A

Armpits: Axillary
Elbow: Antecubital

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9
Q

Where is the thoracic cavity? What is found in this cavity?

A

Chest; mediastinum and pleural cavity

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10
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Phase of metabolism during which complex substances are converted to simpler ones resulting in the release of chemical energy

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11
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The constructive phase of metabolism during which cells use nutrients and energy for growth and repair

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12
Q

What is normal body pH range?

A

7.35-7.45

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13
Q

What is the body’s main source of energy?

A

Carbohydrates

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14
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

They’re insoluble in water. They are a reserve supply of energy.

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15
Q

What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

Surrounding the cell, it regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell.

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16
Q

What is the role of the cell’s nucleus?

A

The cells control center

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17
Q

What is the role of the golgi apparatus?

A

Receive proteins from the ER and prepares and packages them for export to other parts o the body

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18
Q

What is the difference between passive transport vs. active transport?

A

Passive: Diffusion, osmosis, filtration
Active:

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19
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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20
Q

Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump.

A

Regulates volume of fluid within cells

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21
Q

What is the difference between endocytosis vs. exocytosis?

A

Endo: Bringing substance into cell
Exo: Release substance outside of cell

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22
Q

What is the role of DNA found in the cell’s nucleus?

A

Store all of the cells genetic information

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23
Q

One of the main functions of the cell is protein synthesis, in two words describe what this is.

A

Transcription and translation

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24
Q

What is mitosis?

A

When the cell splits into two identical daughter cells

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25
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Specialized cells that can differentiate into many different types of cells

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26
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found in the body? Is it vascular or avascular?

A

Covering body surface, lining body cavities and many organs and forms certain glands. Avascular.

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27
Q

Where is connective tissue found, and what is its purpose?

A

Throughout the body. Connect body together, support and bind organs.

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28
Q

What is bone composed of, and what is its purpose?

A

Bone cells - Osteocytes. Bones give the body structure and provide support and protection.

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29
Q

What are the names for the 3 membranes that line the lungs, the heart, and the abdominal cavity and organs?

A

Mucous, Cutaneous and Serous

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30
Q

What does the integumentary system consist of?

A

Skin, hair and nails

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31
Q

What are the names of the 3 layers of the cutaneous membrane

A

Epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis

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32
Q

What is the name of the cells that give skin its color? What do the cells produce?

A

Melanocytes and they produce melanin

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33
Q

What is the role of sebaceous glands?

A

Secrete an oily substance called sebum which helps keep the skin and hair from drying out.

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34
Q

What are the 2 main divisions of the nervous system, and what do they consist of?

A

Central Nervous System: Brain & Spinal Cord

Peripheral Nervous System: Network of nerves throughout the body

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35
Q

What part of autonomic motor division of the PNS arouses the body for action?

A

Sympathetic division

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36
Q

What is the role of the neuroglia?

A

Supportive cells of the nervous system they bind neurons together

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37
Q

Explain the sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Carries signals from nerve endings to CNS

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38
Q

Explain the motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system.

A

Transmits information from CNS to rest of body

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39
Q

What is the role of the blood brain barrier?

A

Allows small molecules to diffuse across the brain but block larger molecules

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40
Q

What is the role of the myelin?

A

Insulates the axon and help speed impulse conduction

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41
Q

Which of the following are the 2 parts of the brain that regulate breathing?

A

Medulla oblongata and pons

42
Q

What are the layers of the meninges of the brain in order, beginning from outer to inner?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater

43
Q

What is the role of the cerebellum?

A

Receives, and processes messages from all over the brain. Monitor body movements, store information, evaluate sensory input

44
Q

What is the role of CSF?

A

Fills the ventricles and central canal; also bathes the outside of the brain and spinal cord.

45
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Control HR & BP, control hunger, thirst and temp. Involved in emotional responses.

46
Q

What occurs in the Temporal Lobe?

A

Hearing, smelling, learning, memory, emotional behavior and visual recognition

47
Q

What occurs in the Parietal Lobe?

A

Receiving and interpreting bodily sensations, governs proprioception

48
Q

What occurs in the Occipital lobe?

A

Analyze and interpret visual information

49
Q

What occurs in the Frontal Lobe?

A

Voluntary movements, memory, emotion, social judgment, decision making, reasoning and aggression.

50
Q

What are the main differences between the endocrine system versus the nervous system?

A

Endo employs hormones to relay messages, whereas nervous relays neurotransmitters, endo exerts long-lasting effects, nervous exerts short-lived

51
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

Thyroid gland

52
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

In the posterior lobes of the thyroid

53
Q

Where are the adrenal glands found?

A

on top of each kidney

54
Q

Pancreatic cells produce insulin and glucagon. What is the role of these 2 hormones in maintaining blood glucose levels?

A

Glucagon- released when hypoglycemic

Insulin- released when hyperglycemic

55
Q

What hormones are produced by the adrenal cortex, and what do they do?

A

Aldosterone- Promote sodium and potassium retention
Cortisol-Helps body adapt to stress
Androgen/Testosterone/Estrogen

56
Q

What is the role of antidiuretic hormone?

A

Water retention

57
Q

The thyroid gland is controlled by hormones from the pituitary gland. What is the main role of the thyroid?

A

Secrete hormones that affect the body’s metabolic rate

58
Q

Where is the point or maximal impulse found?

A

Apex

59
Q

What are the names of the great vessels that transport blood to and from the heart?

A

Inferior/Superior Vena Cava, pulmonary artery, four pulmonary veins, and aorta

60
Q

Name the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid valve and bicuspid/mitral valve

61
Q

Name the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary valve and aortic valve

62
Q

What causes the valves of the heart to open and close?

A

Pressure changes within the heart

63
Q

What is the role of coronary circulation?

A

Keep the heart well supplied with oxygenated blood

64
Q

What is the plasma?

A

Clear, extracellular fluid

65
Q

What is the other name for white blood cells, and what is their function?

A

Leukocytes- defend body against infectious pathogens

66
Q

What role do platelets play?

A

Stop bleeding

67
Q

Capillaries have a thin layer of cells, why do you think this is?

A

Substances can filter through

68
Q

What is another name for cardiac muscle?

A

Myocardium

69
Q

When the heart relaxes it is called diastole, when the heart contracts it is called ___________________.

A

Systole

70
Q

What are the structures of the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea and bronchial tree

71
Q

What role does the diaphragm play in breathing?

A

In inspiration the diaphragm contracts, flattens, and drops, pressing the abdominal organs downward and enlarging the thoracic cavity. In Expiration the diaphragm relaxes, bulging upward and pressing against the base of the lungs, reducing the size of the thoracic cavity.

72
Q

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Produce immune cells that defend the body against disease.

73
Q

What is the role of the valves in the lymphatic vessels?

A

Prevent backflow

74
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Nodules where lymph fluid trickles into and pathogens and other foreign substances are removed. They also serve as a final site of maturation for some types of lymphocytes and monocytes.

75
Q

What are the main functions of the spleen?

A

Destruction of old RBCs, blood storage, and ingest and destroy any pathogenic organisms

76
Q

How can fever be beneficial for the body?

A

Elevated body temperature inhibits the reproduction of bacteria and virus

77
Q

Name and explain the body’s 3 lines of defense.

A

1st line- external barriers such as skin
2nd line-Nonspecific immunity, production of white blood cells, inflammation and fever
3rd line- Specific immunity- occurs when body retains a memory of that pathogen

78
Q

What is the difference between active immunity and passive immunity?

A

Active- Body makes its own antibodies or T-cells against pathogens
Passive- Antibiotics

79
Q

Define the four classes of immunity?

A

Natural Active- Occurs when body produces antibodies
Artificial Active- Result of vaccination
Natural Passive- Passed through to baby by placenta or breast feeding
Artificial Passive- Obtaining serum from person that has produced antibodies against a certain pathogen

80
Q

What is the role of nephrons

A

Functional unit of kidney.

81
Q

What are the 2 main components of the nephron?

A

Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubule

82
Q

Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: Aldosterone

A

Reabsorb sodium chloride and H20, excrete Potassium. Blood volume and BP rise

83
Q

Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: atrial natriuretic hormone

A

Excrete sodium chloride and H20, cause blood volume and BP to fall

84
Q

Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: antidiuretic hormone

A

Reabsorb H20

85
Q

Describe the role of the following hormones on the urinary system: parathyroid hormone

A

Reabsorb calcium and excrete phosphate

86
Q

What is the name of the cells that line the bladder?

A

Epithelium cells

87
Q

What is the key role of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system?

A

Maintain BP, and a steady glomerular filtration rate.

88
Q

Where is most of the body’s water located?

A

Inside our cells

89
Q

What is the main electrolyte found in extracellular fluid?

A

Sodium

90
Q

What is the main electrolyte found in intracellular fluid?

A

Potassium

91
Q

How is potassium mainly eliminated from the body?

A

Urine

92
Q

Where is calcium stored?

A

Bones

93
Q

What is it called when the pH level goes below the normal range?

A

Blood becomes too acidic

94
Q

What are the main functions of the urinary system?

A

Eliminate waste, regulate BP, production of RBC

95
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support and protection

96
Q

What does red marrow produce?

A

Red blood cells

97
Q

How many bones are found within each part of the spine, starting from the cervical spine?

A 
Cervical  7
Thoracic 12
Lumbar 5
Sacrum 5
Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae
98
Q

Fibrocartilage (or intervertebral discs) are found between the vertebrae. What do you think the role of this cartilage is?

A

Support weight and absorb shock

99
Q

What bones does the thoracic cage consist of, and what is the role of the thoracic cage?

A

Sternum and ribs. Protects the heart and lungs and provides an attachment site for the shoulder and upper limbs

100
Q

What is the other name for white blood cells, and what is their function?

A

Erythocytes- they deliver oxygen to cells and remove carbon dioxide

101
Q

Which Antigens are carried by Type 0 blood?

A

None

102
Q

What are the structures of the Upper Respiratory Tract?

A

Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx

Anatomy & Physiology (16 decks)

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