Module 2: Lecture 6 Flashcards
What are the two classes of adaptive immunity?
- antibody-mediated or humoral immunity
- Cell-mediated immunity
What is antibody-mediated/humoral immunity?
- uses the production of antibodies
- antibodies are made by b-cells and then transported into the blood stream
Which cell make antibodies?
B-Cells, specifically when they differentiate into plasma cells
What is Cell-mediated immunity
- one cell (T-cells) doing a job on another cell directly aka cell to cell action
- either t-cell killing another cell, or commanding another immune cell
What are antigens?
- large foreign complex
- includes an immune response against itself
- mostly protein in nature
Could carbohydrates be antigens?
yes, complex ones can be
How many B cells and T cells do we have in our body?
billions
Why is it called adaptive immunity?
because we adapt the cell and make more or them to kill the selected antigen and pathogen
What is clonal selection?
The B or T cell that can recognize a particular pathogen
Why could we call is acquired or protective immunity?
because now this code is in our system and if we get sick again from sed pathogen we will be prepared
What is immunological memory?
- some cells set aside
- that are activated that have fought a pathogen before and now are ready to do so again
- rather than taking 6-7 days it can take 1 day to fight a returning pathogen
How have we hacked the system of immunological memory?
vaccines
What are B-cell / lymphocytes?
- responsible for humoral adaptive immunity because they make antibodies
How do B-cells work?
IN THE LYMPH NODES
- they will encounter a microbe
- B-cells will become activated when they see a corresponding microbe (one certain antigen of the pathogen)
- All the b-cells will be selected and cloned and then they will differentiate into plasma cells to start the production of antibodies on site
- the antibodies will go through the blood to the site of infection
How do microbe come to B-cells?
they are drained passively into the lymph nodes
What are the three things antibodies do at the site of an infection/injury?
- neutralization
- complement fixation
- optimization
What are antibodies basic function?
- binding antigen
- activate complement system
What is the function antibodies for Neutralization?
- Binding to the pathogen so they cannot bind to our receptors and enter our cells
What do antibodies look like? and what are things we need to know for binding?
- “Y” shape
- Two heavy chains and two light chains
- Antigen bind to the edges
- Each antibody can bind two OF THE SAME antigens
- Antigens bind at FAB (fragment antigen binding)
- long part of the “Y” is called the FC portion (fragment crystalline)
How does the “FC” portion of antibodies enhance phagocytosis?
- because macrophages have receptors that see this portion of the antibody
- then they call call the antibody over to begin phagocytosis
Which portion of the antibody will activate the complement system?
The “FC” part
What do T-cells do?
carry out cell-mediated immunity
- cell to cell action
- via receptors
How do we activate T-cells?
- IN THE LYMPH NODES
- by the use of dendritic cells, they cut up antigens and combine them with out own proteins to allow for the T-cells to recognize them
Can T-cell receptors recognize antigens directly?
NO
Where do T-cells mature? After having it’s based made in the bone marrow?
- thymus
What happens in the process of the activation phase of T-cell
- Inactive T-cell go to the lymph nodes
- once the dendritic cell takes the antigen to the lymph nodes it can activate the t-cells
What are the two types of T-cells?
- Helper/Commanding T-cells (Th)
- Killer T-cells (Tc)
What is Major histocompatibility complex protein? (MHC protein)
- our own protein that is combined with a foreign peptide and presents it on the surface of the cell
Can T-cell recognize the MHC protein? (Given it is specific to the T-cell as well as the antigen it is combined with)
yesssss
What do the CD4 cells/Th do? plus an example
- they are on T-cells and they help/command other immune cells to do their jobs
ie. going to the site of infection and telling the macrophages to make cytokine or telling B-cells to make a specific kind of antibody
Can T-cells do their job without being activate by dendritic cells?
NAUR
What do the CD8 cells/Tc do? plus an example
- after being activated by the dendritic cells via the MHC protein they kill the infected cell
