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Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two classes of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. antibody-mediated or humoral immunity
  2. Cell-mediated immunity
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2
Q

What is antibody-mediated/humoral immunity?

A
  • uses the production of antibodies
  • antibodies are made by b-cells and then transported into the blood stream
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3
Q

Which cell make antibodies?

A

B-Cells, specifically when they differentiate into plasma cells

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4
Q

What is Cell-mediated immunity

A
  • one cell (T-cells) doing a job on another cell directly aka cell to cell action
  • either t-cell killing another cell, or commanding another immune cell
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5
Q

What are antigens?

A
  • large foreign complex
  • includes an immune response against itself
  • mostly protein in nature
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6
Q

Could carbohydrates be antigens?

A

yes, complex ones can be

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7
Q

How many B cells and T cells do we have in our body?

A

billions

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8
Q

Why is it called adaptive immunity?

A

because we adapt the cell and make more or them to kill the selected antigen and pathogen

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8
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

The B or T cell that can recognize a particular pathogen

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9
Q

Why could we call is acquired or protective immunity?

A

because now this code is in our system and if we get sick again from sed pathogen we will be prepared

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10
Q

What is immunological memory?

A
  • some cells set aside
  • that are activated that have fought a pathogen before and now are ready to do so again
  • rather than taking 6-7 days it can take 1 day to fight a returning pathogen
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11
Q

How have we hacked the system of immunological memory?

A

vaccines

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12
Q

What are B-cell / lymphocytes?

A
  • responsible for humoral adaptive immunity because they make antibodies
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13
Q

How do B-cells work?

A

IN THE LYMPH NODES
- they will encounter a microbe

  • B-cells will become activated when they see a corresponding microbe (one certain antigen of the pathogen)
  • All the b-cells will be selected and cloned and then they will differentiate into plasma cells to start the production of antibodies on site
  • the antibodies will go through the blood to the site of infection
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14
Q

How do microbe come to B-cells?

A

they are drained passively into the lymph nodes

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15
Q

What are the three things antibodies do at the site of an infection/injury?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. complement fixation
  3. optimization
16
Q

What are antibodies basic function?

A
  • binding antigen
  • activate complement system
17
Q

What is the function antibodies for Neutralization?

A
  • Binding to the pathogen so they cannot bind to our receptors and enter our cells
18
Q

What do antibodies look like? and what are things we need to know for binding?

A
  • “Y” shape
  • Two heavy chains and two light chains
  • Antigen bind to the edges
  • Each antibody can bind two OF THE SAME antigens
  • Antigens bind at FAB (fragment antigen binding)
  • long part of the “Y” is called the FC portion (fragment crystalline)
19
Q

How does the “FC” portion of antibodies enhance phagocytosis?

A
  • because macrophages have receptors that see this portion of the antibody
  • then they call call the antibody over to begin phagocytosis
20
Q

Which portion of the antibody will activate the complement system?

A

The “FC” part

21
Q

What do T-cells do?

A

carry out cell-mediated immunity
- cell to cell action
- via receptors

22
Q

How do we activate T-cells?

A
  • IN THE LYMPH NODES
  • by the use of dendritic cells, they cut up antigens and combine them with out own proteins to allow for the T-cells to recognize them
23
Q

Can T-cell receptors recognize antigens directly?

A

NO

24
Q

Where do T-cells mature? After having it’s based made in the bone marrow?

A
  • thymus
25
Q

What happens in the process of the activation phase of T-cell

A
  • Inactive T-cell go to the lymph nodes
  • once the dendritic cell takes the antigen to the lymph nodes it can activate the t-cells
26
Q

What are the two types of T-cells?

A
  1. Helper/Commanding T-cells (Th)
  2. Killer T-cells (Tc)
26
Q

What is Major histocompatibility complex protein? (MHC protein)

A
  • our own protein that is combined with a foreign peptide and presents it on the surface of the cell
26
Q

Can T-cell recognize the MHC protein? (Given it is specific to the T-cell as well as the antigen it is combined with)

A

yesssss

26
Q

What do the CD4 cells/Th do? plus an example

A
  • they are on T-cells and they help/command other immune cells to do their jobs

ie. going to the site of infection and telling the macrophages to make cytokine or telling B-cells to make a specific kind of antibody

27
Q

Can T-cells do their job without being activate by dendritic cells?

A

NAUR

28
Q

What do the CD8 cells/Tc do? plus an example

A
  • after being activated by the dendritic cells via the MHC protein they kill the infected cell

Physiology (26 decks)

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