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Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

True or False
Most of our immune cells do not circulate in the blood

A

True

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2
Q

Where are most of our immune cells?

A
  • technically the site of infection
  • lymphoid tissues
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3
Q

What is immunity?

A

the body’s ability to protect itself from harmful pathogens, and internal enemies. (anything abnormal in the body)

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4
Q

What is the name of the disease where your immune cells attack your tissues

A

autoimmune diseases

ie. type 1 diabetes
- the body’s T cells attack the pancreas where the pancreas makes insulin

ie. multiple sclerosis
- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the neurons so neuron transmission is not normal

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5
Q

What is bacteria?

A
  • non-nucleated (prokaryotes)
  • single-celled microorganisms
  • causes tissue damage and disease by releasing enzymes or toxins (kills our cells)
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6
Q

What are examples of bacteria?

A
  • chlamydia: STD intracellular
  • streptococcus: strep
    (requires antibiotics)
  • e-coli: food poisoning
  • salmonella: food poisoning
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7
Q

What does virulent mean?

A

a pathogen that CAN cause disease

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8
Q

What are three places we have good bacteria so to speak?

A
  • in the gut
  • microbiota on our skin
  • in and around our lungs
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9
Q

What is the smallest pathogen?

A

viruses

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10
Q

What are viruses?

A
  • consist of either DNA and RNA enclosed by a protein coat
  • either d.s DNA or s.s DNA or d.s RNA or s.s RNA (either or)
  • cannot carry out metabolism or reproduce without a host cell
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11
Q

What are examples of viruses

A
  • SARS-CoV-2:
  • HIV: leads to aids, antiviral (the immune system will lose and will need antiviral) destroys immune cells
  • Hepatitis CV: infects the liver, causes liver cancer and liver failure
  • Influenza a: flu
  • Ebola:
  • Polio:

*could get vaccinated as a precaution to give our bodies a heads up!

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12
Q

What is fungi?

A

two main types are
1. aspergillus
2. candida

ie.
- helminth aka worms
- protozoan parasites aka plasmodium/malaria

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13
Q

What is the notion of virulence?

A

the pathogen that can inherently cause disease

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14
Q

What are our physical barriers against pathogens?

A
  1. Mechanical
  2. Chemical barriers
  3. Microbiological
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15
Q

What does the mechanical physical barrier entail?

A
  • skin (all epithelial cells lining our skin, gut, lungs and organs)
  • cavities (tears, nasal have cilia)
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16
Q

What does the chemical-physical barrier entail?

A
  • low pH in the stomach (to destroy bacteria)
  • Antimicrobial peptides (slow down/stop the growth of certain pathogens, bacteria specifically)
17
Q

What does the Microbiological barrier entail?

A
  • normal microbiota (in the gut mostly)
18
Q

How do viruses get into our bodies?

A

when a virus has a capsid on it and peptides on the surface it enters our body via receptor-mediated endocytosis

19
Q

What is the lymphatic system

A

a system that drains all your nodes to allow for our immune cells to fight identity pathogens that they a specific to fight

20
Q

What are the (8) lymphoid systems made of?

A
  • Bone marrow: where all lymphoid cells and immune cells are made
  • Thymus: where the T-cells are developed
  • Lymph nodes: allow for immune cells to travel around without having to go around the entire body
  • Spleen: lymphocytes can go into the spleen to check whether or not there’s an infection in the blood
  • Tonsilis: lymphatic tissue
  • Adenoids: in the pharynx
  • Appendix: filtering if any bug goes in there
  • Gut: gut-associated lymphoid tissues, lymphocytes will go there and check
21
Q

What are the three main roles of lymphoid tissue?

A
  • produces
  • stores
  • process lymphocytes
22
Q

How are T-cells created?

A
  • starts in the bone marrow
  • leave the bone marrow (uncommitted, no receptor, no function)
  • go to the thymus (organ above the heart)
  • they develop there to become T-Cells
23
Q

What are your two central lymphoid organs?

A
  1. Bone marrow
  2. Thymus
24
Q

True or False?
All your immune cells are made in your thymus

A

true

25
Q

What are pyres patches?

A

aka gut-associated lymphoid tissues

  • lymphocytes will go and check there
26
Q

True or False
We are born with innate immunity responses?

A

true

27
Q

What are innate responses?

A
  • NON-SELECTIVE
  • first line of defence
  • they have receptors saying there are pathogens present
  • they activate defence mechanisms such as:
    • inflammation
    • Interferons (anti-viral)
    • Natural killer cells (NK)
    • Complement system
    • Dendritic cells
28
Q

What are adaptive responses?

A
  • SELECTIVE
  • T-cells and B-cells
  • B-cells make antibodies (selective)
  • T-cells have cell-cell action, either directly killing cancer cells or telling other cells to kill pathogens like commanding macrophages to do their job

Physiology (26 decks)

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