Module 2: Lecture 4 Flashcards
True or False
Most of our immune cells do not circulate in the blood
True
Where are most of our immune cells?
- technically the site of infection
- lymphoid tissues
What is immunity?
the body’s ability to protect itself from harmful pathogens, and internal enemies. (anything abnormal in the body)
What is the name of the disease where your immune cells attack your tissues
autoimmune diseases
ie. type 1 diabetes
- the body’s T cells attack the pancreas where the pancreas makes insulin
ie. multiple sclerosis
- attacks the myelin sheath that surrounds the neurons so neuron transmission is not normal
What is bacteria?
- non-nucleated (prokaryotes)
- single-celled microorganisms
- causes tissue damage and disease by releasing enzymes or toxins (kills our cells)
What are examples of bacteria?
- chlamydia: STD intracellular
- streptococcus: strep
(requires antibiotics) - e-coli: food poisoning
- salmonella: food poisoning
What does virulent mean?
a pathogen that CAN cause disease
What are three places we have good bacteria so to speak?
- in the gut
- microbiota on our skin
- in and around our lungs
What is the smallest pathogen?
viruses
What are viruses?
- consist of either DNA and RNA enclosed by a protein coat
- either d.s DNA or s.s DNA or d.s RNA or s.s RNA (either or)
- cannot carry out metabolism or reproduce without a host cell
What are examples of viruses
- SARS-CoV-2:
- HIV: leads to aids, antiviral (the immune system will lose and will need antiviral) destroys immune cells
- Hepatitis CV: infects the liver, causes liver cancer and liver failure
- Influenza a: flu
- Ebola:
- Polio:
*could get vaccinated as a precaution to give our bodies a heads up!
What is fungi?
two main types are
1. aspergillus
2. candida
ie.
- helminth aka worms
- protozoan parasites aka plasmodium/malaria
What is the notion of virulence?
the pathogen that can inherently cause disease
What are our physical barriers against pathogens?
- Mechanical
- Chemical barriers
- Microbiological
What does the mechanical physical barrier entail?
- skin (all epithelial cells lining our skin, gut, lungs and organs)
- cavities (tears, nasal have cilia)
What does the chemical-physical barrier entail?
- low pH in the stomach (to destroy bacteria)
- Antimicrobial peptides (slow down/stop the growth of certain pathogens, bacteria specifically)
What does the Microbiological barrier entail?
- normal microbiota (in the gut mostly)
How do viruses get into our bodies?
when a virus has a capsid on it and peptides on the surface it enters our body via receptor-mediated endocytosis
What is the lymphatic system
a system that drains all your nodes to allow for our immune cells to fight identity pathogens that they a specific to fight
What are the (8) lymphoid systems made of?
- Bone marrow: where all lymphoid cells and immune cells are made
- Thymus: where the T-cells are developed
- Lymph nodes: allow for immune cells to travel around without having to go around the entire body
- Spleen: lymphocytes can go into the spleen to check whether or not there’s an infection in the blood
- Tonsilis: lymphatic tissue
- Adenoids: in the pharynx
- Appendix: filtering if any bug goes in there
- Gut: gut-associated lymphoid tissues, lymphocytes will go there and check
What are the three main roles of lymphoid tissue?
- produces
- stores
- process lymphocytes
How are T-cells created?
- starts in the bone marrow
- leave the bone marrow (uncommitted, no receptor, no function)
- go to the thymus (organ above the heart)
- they develop there to become T-Cells
What are your two central lymphoid organs?
- Bone marrow
- Thymus
True or False?
All your immune cells are made in your thymus
true
What are pyres patches?
aka gut-associated lymphoid tissues
- lymphocytes will go and check there
True or False
We are born with innate immunity responses?
true
What are innate responses?
- NON-SELECTIVE
- first line of defence
- they have receptors saying there are pathogens present
- they activate defence mechanisms such as:
- inflammation
- Interferons (anti-viral)
- Natural killer cells (NK)
- Complement system
- Dendritic cells
What are adaptive responses?
- SELECTIVE
- T-cells and B-cells
- B-cells make antibodies (selective)
- T-cells have cell-cell action, either directly killing cancer cells or telling other cells to kill pathogens like commanding macrophages to do their job
