Module 2: Lecture 2 Flashcards
How many days on average can RBC’s survive?
120 days
True of False?
RBC’s are the most abundent cells in our body?
true
Where does pluripotent stem cells come from?
red bone marrow
What can pluripotent stem cells become?
different types of blood cells
- rbc
- WBC
- platelets
in 2-3 seconds how many erythrocytes can we make?
2-3 million
What are the steps in cells to make a erythrocyte?
- pluripotent stem cells
- myeloid stem cells (still not specialized)
- erythroblasts (w nucleus and organelles)
- reticulocyte (where it’s organelles are deteriorating and hemoglobins are inside the cell)
- erythrocytes that has no nucleus or organelles
True or False
pluripotent stem cells, myeloid stem cells, erythroblasts, reticulocyte are all found in the bone marrow?
true
What happens if we find erythroblast in the blood?
probably have leukaemia
What controls the homeostasis of Red Blood Cells?
the spleen will remove the old erythrocytes (rbc) from circulation
How does the spleen maintain homeostasis of red blood cells?
the spleen has macrophages which are immune cells that will “eat” dead rbc to recycle their contents
What is the last stage where erythrocytes have a nucleus?
erythroblasts
What is the process of creating red blood cells called?
erythropoiesis
How does the bone marrow know to be making “x” amount of rbc? to replace the amount of rbc?
- kidneys will detect the reduced amount of O2- carrying capacity of the blood (it will make a hormone called erythropoietin that will travel into the blood)
- this hormone will travel to the bone marrow as a signal to increase the production of erythrocytes
- erythropoiesis will occur in the bone marrow and an increased amount of erythrocytes will be produced into the blood
- these erythrocytes will carry more oxygen, and will relieve the initial stimulus that triggered to increasep of rbc production aka the erythropoietin hormone
Where is the site of generation of the RBC’s?
bone marrow
Where is the site of generation of the erythropoietin?
in the kidneys
What is a situation where you could have low oxygen levels but a high rbc count?
training in/living in high altitudes
*that’s why the rbc count for people who live on mountains will be higher that people who live on costal level because the trigger to make more rbc’s is dependent on the oxygen levels
Blood types depend on what on erythrocytes?
antigens!!!
What are antigens?
- large
- complex molecules
- they trigger specific immune responses against itself when it enters the body
What are lymphocytes?
- lymphocytes recognize antigens and produce antibodies against them
B lymphocytes/ B cells: make antibodies by finding it, binding to it and preventing the virus to entering our cells
What is antigenic or immunogenic?
it triggers/activates a very strong immune response to it
What is weakly immunogenic?
triggers a very weak response
What are antibodies?
bind with specific antigens against which it is produced and destroys sed antigen
What are the four most common blood types?
- A
- B
- AB
- O
The antigen on the the erythrocytes is determined by the blood type
blood type
A - A (antigens)
B - B (antigens)
AB- A and B (antigens)
O - non (antigens)
How do you know what antibodies to make in regards to blood?
- make the opposite of the blood type
ie.
blood type A will have anti-B
blood type B will have anti-A
blood type AB will have no anti
blood type O will have anti-B and anti-A
What are naturally occurring antibodies?
- antibodies that are foreign rbc antigens appear in the human plasma after 6 months of age, lot’s of things in food will mimic antibodies
In the Fisher-Race system which antigen is very immunogenic?
D (meaning positive)
True or false
There are no naturally occurring antibodies of the D antigen
true
What is a universal donor vs a universal acceptor
donor: O- can be given to anybody because they have no antigens
acceptor: AB positive make no antibodies meaning they can receive other blood types
