Lecture 2/3: Properties of Cytoskeleton and ATP processes Flashcards
What are the three pieces that hold the cell together?
- Microtubules (Largest)
- Microfilaments (Smallest)
- Intermediate Filaments
What are the shape of Microtubules and what are they made of?
- long cylinders in shape
- Made of tubulin
What are the functions of Microtubules?
- acts as a molecular highway to transport things from one side of a cell to another
During cell division what do microtubules form?
mitotic spindle
Do the movements of microtubules require energy?
yes
What are the shape of Microfilaments and what are they made of?
- forms strands
- made up of actin and myosin
Where would we find Microfilaments?
- in muscle cells
- certain white blood cells and fibroblasts
What are the shape of Intermediate filaments?
- like a rope shape
What does intermediate filaments do?
- helps resist mechanical stress
What type of cells would we find Intermediate filaments?
in muscle cells, skins cells and lung cells
*and can be present in hair and nails as well
What is cytosol?
= cell gel
What is in Cytosol?
- intermediary metabolism enzymes
- transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles
- inclusions
Where is the intermediary metabolism enzymes in the cytosol?
everywhere, dispersed in the cytosol
Where is the transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles in the cytosol
they are membrane- enclosed products made either in the cell or engulfed by the cell
Where are the inclusions in the cytosol?
- glycogen granules
- fat droplets
What do the intermediary metabolism enzymes do?
- helps intercellular reactions degrate (become weaker or worse)
- causes metabolic reactions aka anabolic and catabolic
What do the transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles do?
transports and stores products being moved in and out of the cell
What do the inclusions do?
stores excess nutrients
Where is energy stored?
in phosphate bonds from ATP
When glucose enters the cell where does it go?
cytosol
What are the main steps for glycolysis?
- glucose a 6 carbon molecule breaks down into 2 three carbon molecules
- these 2 three carbon molecules are called pyruvate
What do we end up with at the end of Glycolysis?
- 2 ATP’s
- 2 NADH molecules
What is McAnrdle disease?
- a disease where we lack the enzyme that involves the first step of turning glycogen into glucose
- meaning less glucose to breakdown to make energy
Where does pyruvate enter?
enters in the matrix of the mitochondria
What are the main steps in pyruvate decarboxylation?
- this 3 carbon molecule is decarboxylated (removes a carbon) turning it into a 2 carbon molecule called acetyl CoA
What do we end up with at the end of Pyruvate Decarboxylation?
- 2 molecules of acetly CoA a 2 carbon molecule
- 2 CO2 (first carbon we use from glucose)
- 2 NADH
Where does the Acetyl CoA go?
it enters the TCA cycle or the krebs cycle
What happens in the TCA cycle/ Krebs cycle?
- Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate to produce citrate a 6 carbon molecule
- we then release 2 carbons that get’s breathed out to recreate oxaloacetate
What do we get from the citric acid cycle/krebs cycle?
- 2 CO2’s that is breathed out
- 2 ATP (first make GTP) (1 p cycle)
- 2 FADH2 (1 p cycle)
- 6 NADH (3 p cycle)
How many ATP does 1 NADH molecule make?
2 - 3 ATPS
How many ATP does 1 FADH2 molecules make?
1-2 ATPs
If we lack oxygen at what point will the production of energy stop?
whole chains stops after pyruvate decarboxylation
Summary of what we get though generating energy WITH ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE?
- Glycolysis
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH - Pyruvate decarboxylation
- 2 CO2 (breathed out)
- 2 NADH - Krebs CYCLE/TCA
- 2 CO2 (breathed out)
- 2 ATP (comes from GTP)
- 2 FADH 2
- 6 NADH
Overall one glucose molecule makes how many ATP?
32
What happens in anaerobic conditions?
- Glucose will turn into 2 pyruvate molecules releasing 2ATP and 2NADH
- Pyruvate then turns into lactate and cycles between the two molecules to regenerate 2 NADH molecules
True or False
Can other sources be used to create energy?
true, fatty acids can convert to Acetyl CoA which enters the TCA cycle
