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Physiology > Lecture 2/3: Properties of Cytoskeleton and ATP processes > Flashcards

Lecture 2/3: Properties of Cytoskeleton and ATP processes Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three pieces that hold the cell together?

A
  • Microtubules (Largest)
  • Microfilaments (Smallest)
  • Intermediate Filaments
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2
Q

What are the shape of Microtubules and what are they made of?

A
  • long cylinders in shape
  • Made of tubulin
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3
Q

What are the functions of Microtubules?

A
  • acts as a molecular highway to transport things from one side of a cell to another
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4
Q

During cell division what do microtubules form?

A

mitotic spindle

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5
Q

Do the movements of microtubules require energy?

A

yes

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6
Q

What are the shape of Microfilaments and what are they made of?

A
  • forms strands
  • made up of actin and myosin
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7
Q

Where would we find Microfilaments?

A
  • in muscle cells
  • certain white blood cells and fibroblasts
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8
Q

What are the shape of Intermediate filaments?

A
  • like a rope shape
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9
Q

What does intermediate filaments do?

A
  • helps resist mechanical stress
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10
Q

What type of cells would we find Intermediate filaments?

A

in muscle cells, skins cells and lung cells
*and can be present in hair and nails as well

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11
Q

What is cytosol?

A

= cell gel

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12
Q

What is in Cytosol?

A
  • intermediary metabolism enzymes
  • transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles
  • inclusions
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13
Q

Where is the intermediary metabolism enzymes in the cytosol?

A

everywhere, dispersed in the cytosol

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14
Q

Where is the transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles in the cytosol

A

they are membrane- enclosed products made either in the cell or engulfed by the cell

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15
Q

Where are the inclusions in the cytosol?

A
  • glycogen granules
  • fat droplets
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16
Q

What do the intermediary metabolism enzymes do?

A
  • helps intercellular reactions degrate (become weaker or worse)
  • causes metabolic reactions aka anabolic and catabolic
17
Q

What do the transport, secretory and endocytic vesicles do?

A

transports and stores products being moved in and out of the cell

18
Q

What do the inclusions do?

A

stores excess nutrients

19
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

in phosphate bonds from ATP

20
Q

When glucose enters the cell where does it go?

A

cytosol

21
Q

What are the main steps for glycolysis?

A
  • glucose a 6 carbon molecule breaks down into 2 three carbon molecules
  • these 2 three carbon molecules are called pyruvate
22
Q

What do we end up with at the end of Glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP’s
  • 2 NADH molecules
23
Q

What is McAnrdle disease?

A
  • a disease where we lack the enzyme that involves the first step of turning glycogen into glucose
  • meaning less glucose to breakdown to make energy
24
Q

Where does pyruvate enter?

A

enters in the matrix of the mitochondria

25
Q

What are the main steps in pyruvate decarboxylation?

A
  • this 3 carbon molecule is decarboxylated (removes a carbon) turning it into a 2 carbon molecule called acetyl CoA
26
Q

What do we end up with at the end of Pyruvate Decarboxylation?

A
  • 2 molecules of acetly CoA a 2 carbon molecule
  • 2 CO2 (first carbon we use from glucose)
  • 2 NADH
27
Q

Where does the Acetyl CoA go?

A

it enters the TCA cycle or the krebs cycle

28
Q

What happens in the TCA cycle/ Krebs cycle?

A
  • Acetyl CoA combines with a 4 carbon molecule called oxaloacetate to produce citrate a 6 carbon molecule
  • we then release 2 carbons that get’s breathed out to recreate oxaloacetate
29
Q

What do we get from the citric acid cycle/krebs cycle?

A
  • 2 CO2’s that is breathed out
  • 2 ATP (first make GTP) (1 p cycle)
  • 2 FADH2 (1 p cycle)
  • 6 NADH (3 p cycle)
30
Q

How many ATP does 1 NADH molecule make?

A

2 - 3 ATPS

31
Q

How many ATP does 1 FADH2 molecules make?

A

1-2 ATPs

32
Q

If we lack oxygen at what point will the production of energy stop?

A

whole chains stops after pyruvate decarboxylation

33
Q

Summary of what we get though generating energy WITH ONE GLUCOSE MOLECULE?

A
  1. Glycolysis
    - 2 ATP
    - 2 NADH
  2. Pyruvate decarboxylation
    - 2 CO2 (breathed out)
    - 2 NADH
  3. Krebs CYCLE/TCA
    - 2 CO2 (breathed out)
    - 2 ATP (comes from GTP)
    - 2 FADH 2
    - 6 NADH
34
Q

Overall one glucose molecule makes how many ATP?

A

32

35
Q

What happens in anaerobic conditions?

A
  • Glucose will turn into 2 pyruvate molecules releasing 2ATP and 2NADH
  • Pyruvate then turns into lactate and cycles between the two molecules to regenerate 2 NADH molecules
36
Q

True or False
Can other sources be used to create energy?

A

true, fatty acids can convert to Acetyl CoA which enters the TCA cycle

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