Module 2: Lecture 1 Flashcards
Blood represents how much of a persons total body weight?
8 percent
What is the average blood volume in a women?
5 liters with cell volume (hematocrit) of 42%
What is the average blood volume in a man?
5.5 liters with hematocrit of 45%
What are the components of blood?
55% plasma + 45% formed elements
What makes up plasma
- 7% plasma protein
- 90% water
- 3% other
What makes up formed elements
- more than 99% is red blood cells
- less than 1% is white blood cells
True of False
Platlets are not cell they are fragments of cells
true
What is the formula for Hematocrit?
Hematocrit = 45% formed elements/ 100% total blood volume
= 45
What are Erythrocytes? and where are they found?
- They are red blood cells that are important in transporting oxygen
- found in the 99%> formed elements
What are Leukocytes? and where are they found?
- They are white blood cells these are the mobile units in our cell. They are immune cells
- found in the 1%< formed elements
What are the platelets aka thrombocytes? and where are they found?
- cell fragments, important in hemostasis
- found in the 1%< formed elements
What are three the physiological roles of blood?
- carrying: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, heat
- regulations: body, temp, pH
- protection: clotting, immunoglobulins
What are the 6 elements contained in plasma?
- water
- electrolytes
- nutrients
- wastes
- gases
- hormones
What are the functions of water in plasma?
carrying and transporting
What are the functions of electrolytes in plasma?
- to maintain fluid volume
between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid so cells do not shrink or swell from water going in and out
What are the most commons forms of electrolytes in the plasma?
Na plus anf Cl minus
What are the functions of nutrients, waste, gas and hormones in plasma?
transported in the blood, acid-based balance
What are the three types of plasma proteins?
- Albulumis (carries water-insoluble molecules)
- Globulins (carries specific water-insoluble molecues)
- Fibrinogen
What are Albulimis?
- plasma proteins made of amino acids, some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic
- non-specific
- carries non-water soluble molecules such as fatty acids and cholesterol
What are Globulins?
- plasma proteins made up of amino aicds
there are two types:
(i) alpha/beta: transports water insoluble molecules, specific to certain molecules (immune proteins)
(ii) gamma: are antibodies
What are Fibrinogen?
- form blood clots, by creating fibrin meshwork
Plasma protein all together generally do what?
- form colloidal osmotic pressure
- maintain pH
What is holding the water inside of the cells?
- hydrostatic pressure will push water out of the blood cells
- osmotic pressure will counter the hydrostatic pressure via non-penetrating solutes which are plasma proteins
True of False
All plasma proteins are made in the liver except for gamma globulins because they are made from immune cells?
true
What are the shapes of Erythrocytes aka RBC?
why are they shaped like that?
- biconcave discs
- provides a larger surface area for diffusion of O2 across the membrane
- thinness of the cell enables O2 to diffuse rapidly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell
- great flexibility of the plasma membrane
True or False
RBCs have great flexibility allowing them to go from 8-diameter um into 3 um capillaries.
true
What is Hemoglobin?
heme group: 4-iron containing non-protein groups, each bounded by polypeptides
(each iron atom can bind reversibly to one oxygen molecule)
+
globin: protein composed of 4 highly folded polypeptide chains (two a subunits and two b subunits)
Where is hemoglobin found?
in red blood cells
What colour is hemoglobin and what changes it’s colour?
- appear reddish when oxygenated
- appear bluish when deoxygenated
What is hemoglobins’ primary role?
- carry O2, each can transport 4 O2 molecules!!!
*O2 is poorly soluble in water meaning most is carried blood bound to Hb
What percentage of O2 is carried blood bound?
98.5%
How many Hemoglobin is stuffed within a single RBC?
approx 250 million Hb
How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon dioxide?
- same as oxygen but weaker connection
How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon MONOXIDE?
- poisonous
- when binded it is irreversible, it’s not normally in the blood
How does Hemoglobin combine with nitric oxide?
- dilates the local arterioles so O2 rich-blood can pass through
- also stabilizes blood pressure
What do mature erythrocytes include and exclude?
exclude:
- nucleus
- organells
- ribosomes
include:
- millions of hemoglobin
- glycolytic enzymes
- carbonic anhydrase
Why do we need glycolytic enzymes in our RBC?
because due to the lack of organelles, energy needs to be produced entirely by glycolysis for ATP formation
What is carbonic anhydrase?
- an enzyme important for the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2)
- carbon dioxide dissolved in water creates the ions of bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion
- this process is reversible
- it’s the main form in which CO2 is transported in the blood
