Module 2: Lecture 1

Question 1

Blood represents how much of a persons total body weight?

Answer 1

8 percent

Question 2

What is the average blood volume in a women?

Answer 2

5 liters with cell volume (hematocrit) of 42%

Question 3

What is the average blood volume in a man?

Answer 3

5.5 liters with hematocrit of 45%

Question 4

What are the components of blood?

Answer 4

55% plasma + 45% formed elements

Question 5

What makes up plasma

Answer 5

• 7% plasma protein
• 90% water
• 3% other

Question 6

What makes up formed elements

Answer 6

• more than 99% is red blood cells
• less than 1% is white blood cells

Question 7

True of False
Platlets are not cell they are fragments of cells

Answer 7

true

Question 8

What is the formula for Hematocrit?

Answer 8

Hematocrit = 45% formed elements/ 100% total blood volume
= 45

Question 9

What are Erythrocytes? and where are they found?

Answer 9

• They are red blood cells that are important in transporting oxygen
• found in the 99%> formed elements

Question 10

What are Leukocytes? and where are they found?

Answer 10

• They are white blood cells these are the mobile units in our cell. They are immune cells
• found in the 1%< formed elements

Question 11

What are the platelets aka thrombocytes? and where are they found?

Answer 11

• cell fragments, important in hemostasis
• found in the 1%< formed elements

Question 12

What are three the physiological roles of blood?

Answer 12

• carrying: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, heat
• regulations: body, temp, pH
• protection: clotting, immunoglobulins

Question 13

What are the 6 elements contained in plasma?

Answer 13

• water
• electrolytes
• nutrients
• wastes
• gases
• hormones

Question 14

What are the functions of water in plasma?

Answer 14

carrying and transporting

Question 15

What are the functions of electrolytes in plasma?

Answer 15

• to maintain fluid volume
  between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid so cells do not shrink or swell from water going in and out

Question 16

What are the most commons forms of electrolytes in the plasma?

Answer 16

Na plus anf Cl minus

Question 17

What are the functions of nutrients, waste, gas and hormones in plasma?

Answer 17

transported in the blood, acid-based balance

Question 18

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

Answer 18

1. Albulumis (carries water-insoluble molecules)
2. Globulins (carries specific water-insoluble molecues)
3. Fibrinogen

Question 19

What are Albulimis?

Answer 19

• plasma proteins made of amino acids, some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic
• non-specific
• carries non-water soluble molecules such as fatty acids and cholesterol

Question 20

What are Globulins?

Answer 20

• plasma proteins made up of amino aicds
  there are two types:
  (i) alpha/beta: transports water insoluble molecules, specific to certain molecules (immune proteins)
  (ii) gamma: are antibodies

Question 21

What are Fibrinogen?

Answer 21

• form blood clots, by creating fibrin meshwork

Question 22

Plasma protein all together generally do what?

Answer 22

• form colloidal osmotic pressure
• maintain pH

Question 23

What is holding the water inside of the cells?

Answer 23

• hydrostatic pressure will push water out of the blood cells
• osmotic pressure will counter the hydrostatic pressure via non-penetrating solutes which are plasma proteins

Question 24

True of False
All plasma proteins are made in the liver except for gamma globulins because they are made from immune cells?

Answer 24

true

Question 25

What are the shapes of Erythrocytes aka RBC? why are they shaped like that?

Answer 25

- biconcave discs - provides a larger surface area for diffusion of O2 across the membrane - thinness of the cell enables O2 to diffuse rapidly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell - great flexibility of the plasma membrane

Question 26

True or False RBCs have great flexibility allowing them to go from 8-diameter um into 3 um capillaries.

Answer 26

true

Question 27

What is Hemoglobin?

Answer 27

heme group: 4-iron containing non-protein groups, each bounded by polypeptides (each iron atom can bind reversibly to one oxygen molecule) + globin: protein composed of 4 highly folded polypeptide chains (two a subunits and two b subunits)

Question 28

Where is hemoglobin found?

Answer 28

in red blood cells

Question 29

What colour is hemoglobin and what changes it's colour?

Answer 29

- appear reddish when oxygenated - appear bluish when deoxygenated

Question 30

What is hemoglobins' primary role?

Answer 30

- carry O2, each can transport 4 O2 molecules!!! *O2 is poorly soluble in water meaning most is carried blood bound to Hb

Question 31

What percentage of O2 is carried blood bound?

Answer 31

98.5%

Question 32

How many Hemoglobin is stuffed within a single RBC?

Answer 32

approx 250 million Hb

Question 33

How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon dioxide?

Answer 33

- same as oxygen but weaker connection

Question 34

How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon MONOXIDE?

Answer 34

- poisonous - when binded it is irreversible, it's not normally in the blood

Question 35

How does Hemoglobin combine with nitric oxide?

Answer 35

- dilates the local arterioles so O2 rich-blood can pass through - also stabilizes blood pressure

Question 36

What do mature erythrocytes include and exclude?

Answer 36

exclude: - nucleus - organells - ribosomes include: - millions of hemoglobin - glycolytic enzymes - carbonic anhydrase

Question 37

Why do we need glycolytic enzymes in our RBC?

Answer 37

because due to the lack of organelles, energy needs to be produced entirely by glycolysis for ATP formation

Question 38

What is carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 38

- an enzyme important for the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2) - carbon dioxide dissolved in water creates the ions of bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion - this process is reversible - it's the main form in which CO2 is transported in the blood