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Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Blood represents how much of a persons total body weight?

A

8 percent

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2
Q

What is the average blood volume in a women?

A

5 liters with cell volume (hematocrit) of 42%

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3
Q

What is the average blood volume in a man?

A

5.5 liters with hematocrit of 45%

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4
Q

What are the components of blood?

A

55% plasma + 45% formed elements

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5
Q

What makes up plasma

A
  • 7% plasma protein
  • 90% water
  • 3% other
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6
Q

What makes up formed elements

A
  • more than 99% is red blood cells
  • less than 1% is white blood cells
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7
Q

True of False
Platlets are not cell they are fragments of cells

A

true

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8
Q

What is the formula for Hematocrit?

A

Hematocrit = 45% formed elements/ 100% total blood volume
= 45

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9
Q

What are Erythrocytes? and where are they found?

A
  • They are red blood cells that are important in transporting oxygen
  • found in the 99%> formed elements
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10
Q

What are Leukocytes? and where are they found?

A
  • They are white blood cells these are the mobile units in our cell. They are immune cells
  • found in the 1%< formed elements
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11
Q

What are the platelets aka thrombocytes? and where are they found?

A
  • cell fragments, important in hemostasis
  • found in the 1%< formed elements
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12
Q

What are three the physiological roles of blood?

A
  • carrying: oxygen, nutrients, hormones, metabolic waste, heat
  • regulations: body, temp, pH
  • protection: clotting, immunoglobulins
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13
Q

What are the 6 elements contained in plasma?

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • nutrients
  • wastes
  • gases
  • hormones
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14
Q

What are the functions of water in plasma?

A

carrying and transporting

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15
Q

What are the functions of electrolytes in plasma?

A
  • to maintain fluid volume
    between intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid so cells do not shrink or swell from water going in and out
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16
Q

What are the most commons forms of electrolytes in the plasma?

A

Na plus anf Cl minus

17
Q

What are the functions of nutrients, waste, gas and hormones in plasma?

A

transported in the blood, acid-based balance

18
Q

What are the three types of plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albulumis (carries water-insoluble molecules)
  2. Globulins (carries specific water-insoluble molecues)
  3. Fibrinogen
19
Q

What are Albulimis?

A
  • plasma proteins made of amino acids, some are hydrophobic, some are hydrophilic
  • non-specific
  • carries non-water soluble molecules such as fatty acids and cholesterol
20
Q

What are Globulins?

A
  • plasma proteins made up of amino aicds
    there are two types:
    (i) alpha/beta: transports water insoluble molecules, specific to certain molecules (immune proteins)
    (ii) gamma: are antibodies
21
Q

What are Fibrinogen?

A
  • form blood clots, by creating fibrin meshwork
22
Q

Plasma protein all together generally do what?

A
  • form colloidal osmotic pressure
  • maintain pH
23
Q

What is holding the water inside of the cells?

A
  • hydrostatic pressure will push water out of the blood cells
  • osmotic pressure will counter the hydrostatic pressure via non-penetrating solutes which are plasma proteins
24
Q

True of False
All plasma proteins are made in the liver except for gamma globulins because they are made from immune cells?

A

true

25
Q

What are the shapes of Erythrocytes aka RBC?
why are they shaped like that?

A
  • biconcave discs
  • provides a larger surface area for diffusion of O2 across the membrane
  • thinness of the cell enables O2 to diffuse rapidly between the exterior and innermost regions of the cell
  • great flexibility of the plasma membrane
26
Q

True or False
RBCs have great flexibility allowing them to go from 8-diameter um into 3 um capillaries.

A

true

27
Q

What is Hemoglobin?

A

heme group: 4-iron containing non-protein groups, each bounded by polypeptides
(each iron atom can bind reversibly to one oxygen molecule)

+

globin: protein composed of 4 highly folded polypeptide chains (two a subunits and two b subunits)

28
Q

Where is hemoglobin found?

A

in red blood cells

29
Q

What colour is hemoglobin and what changes it’s colour?

A
  • appear reddish when oxygenated
  • appear bluish when deoxygenated
30
Q

What is hemoglobins’ primary role?

A
  • carry O2, each can transport 4 O2 molecules!!!
    *O2 is poorly soluble in water meaning most is carried blood bound to Hb
31
Q

What percentage of O2 is carried blood bound?

A

98.5%

32
Q

How many Hemoglobin is stuffed within a single RBC?

A

approx 250 million Hb

33
Q

How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon dioxide?

A
  • same as oxygen but weaker connection
34
Q

How does Hemoglobin combine with carbon MONOXIDE?

A
  • poisonous
  • when binded it is irreversible, it’s not normally in the blood
35
Q

How does Hemoglobin combine with nitric oxide?

A
  • dilates the local arterioles so O2 rich-blood can pass through
  • also stabilizes blood pressure
36
Q

What do mature erythrocytes include and exclude?

A

exclude:
- nucleus
- organells
- ribosomes

include:
- millions of hemoglobin
- glycolytic enzymes
- carbonic anhydrase

37
Q

Why do we need glycolytic enzymes in our RBC?

A

because due to the lack of organelles, energy needs to be produced entirely by glycolysis for ATP formation

38
Q

What is carbonic anhydrase?

A
  • an enzyme important for the transportation of carbon dioxide (CO2)
  • carbon dioxide dissolved in water creates the ions of bicarbonate and a hydrogen ion
  • this process is reversible
  • it’s the main form in which CO2 is transported in the blood

Physiology (26 decks)

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