Module 2: Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are leukocytes?
white blood cells, immune cells that circulate in the bloodstream
is there a pigment in white blood cells to make them appear white?
no
White blood cells are what kind of unit in out body?
mobile units of body’s immune cells
What are the four main elements that the immune system is made of?
- leukocytes
- their derivatives
- variety of plasma proteins
- immune organs
What are pathogens?
foreign substances that enter our body and attack our body
- viruses
- bacteria
- parasites
- fungus
What are the three general steps the immune system take in order for it to fulfil it’s job?
- defends against foreign invading diseases
ie. bacteria and viruses
- functions as a cleanup crew, removes damaged/ dead cells
ie. macrophages (wbc) that remove dead rbcs
- initiate repair of dead tissues
*identify and destroy cancer cells
True or False
White blood cells are larger than red blood cells?
true
leukocytes are divided into two sub categories which are?
- polymorphonuclear granulocytes
- mononuclear agranulocytes
Within polymorphonuclear granulocytes, what are the three types of wbc?
- Neutrophil
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
Within mononuclear agranulocytes, what are the two types of wbc?
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
Which kind of white blood cell is the most abundant?
Neutrophils (60-70%)
What does polymorphonuclear granulocytes mean?
many-shaped-nucleus containing granule-containing cells
What are neutrophils? what does it look like?
- phagocytic specific
- it engulfs and destroys bacteria intracellularly
- release web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that contain bacteria-killing chemicals
- this will also cause the neutrophils to die as well
- has 3 lobes, one nucleus
- has lot’s of granules
What are eosinophils? what does it look like?
- good at killing parasites
- controller-looking nucleus
- attaches to the surface of the parasite (only if its already coated with a specific antibody) to then release its granule contents which will kill the pathogen
What are basophils? what does it look like?
- least abundant
- fight parasitic infections
- make a special chemotactic factor
- make and store
(i) Histamine: release is important for allergic reactions
(ii) heparin: speeds up the removal of fat particles from blood after a fatty meal
What are mononuclear agranulocytes?
single nucleus, cell lacking granules AT FIRST
What are monocytes? what does it look like?
- DO NOT HAVE GRANULOCYTES
- they are phagocytes
- largest circulating immune cells
- causes phagocytosis
- antigen presentation
- cytokine production
- cytotoxicity
- if they are called upon a tissue they change into macrophages
- lifespan depends on if they are activated and if they kill bacteria then they will die
What is cytokine
cell - movement
- a special protein made by one cell that can allow:
coating of pathogens, or signalling other WBC to kill a pathogen
(can activate immune cells, can direct immune cells, can make a change in metabolism)
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
- Have granules!!!
type 1: large granular lymphocytes (natural killer)
type 2: small granular lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)
What does type 1 of large granular lymphocytes do?
aka (natural killer)
- extremely effective against virally infected cells/cancer cells
- (come in sus of all cells and will look for signs of stress protein and will kill any cell that has shown signs)
- release lytic granules to kill infected cells
- produces cytokines to limit viral replication
What does type 2 of smaller granular lymphocytes do? (Adaptive immune response)
type 2: small granular lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)
- cytokine production
- antigen recognition
- antibody production
- memory
- cytotoxicity
What are the subtypes of type 2 (smaller granular lymphocytes)?
(i) B Lymphocytes aka humoral immunity
- produces antibodies
- responsible for antibody-mediated immunity
(ii) T lymphocytes aka cell-mediated immunity
- DO NOT MAKE ANTIBODIES
- recognize cancer cells/viral infected cells and kill them
- command everything
