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Physiology > Module 2: Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Module 2: Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are leukocytes?

A

white blood cells, immune cells that circulate in the bloodstream

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2
Q

is there a pigment in white blood cells to make them appear white?

A

no

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3
Q

White blood cells are what kind of unit in out body?

A

mobile units of body’s immune cells

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4
Q

What are the four main elements that the immune system is made of?

A
  1. leukocytes
  2. their derivatives
  3. variety of plasma proteins
  4. immune organs
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5
Q

What are pathogens?

A

foreign substances that enter our body and attack our body
- viruses
- bacteria
- parasites
- fungus

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6
Q

What are the three general steps the immune system take in order for it to fulfil it’s job?

A
  1. defends against foreign invading diseases

ie. bacteria and viruses

  1. functions as a cleanup crew, removes damaged/ dead cells

ie. macrophages (wbc) that remove dead rbcs

  1. initiate repair of dead tissues

*identify and destroy cancer cells

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7
Q

True or False
White blood cells are larger than red blood cells?

A

true

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8
Q

leukocytes are divided into two sub categories which are?

A
  1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes
  2. mononuclear agranulocytes
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9
Q

Within polymorphonuclear granulocytes, what are the three types of wbc?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
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10
Q

Within mononuclear agranulocytes, what are the two types of wbc?

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
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11
Q

Which kind of white blood cell is the most abundant?

A

Neutrophils (60-70%)

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12
Q

What does polymorphonuclear granulocytes mean?

A

many-shaped-nucleus containing granule-containing cells

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13
Q

What are neutrophils? what does it look like?

A
  • phagocytic specific
  • it engulfs and destroys bacteria intracellularly
  • release web of extracellular fibers called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that contain bacteria-killing chemicals
  • this will also cause the neutrophils to die as well
  • has 3 lobes, one nucleus
  • has lot’s of granules
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14
Q

What are eosinophils? what does it look like?

A
  • good at killing parasites
  • controller-looking nucleus
  • attaches to the surface of the parasite (only if its already coated with a specific antibody) to then release its granule contents which will kill the pathogen
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15
Q

What are basophils? what does it look like?

A
  • least abundant
  • fight parasitic infections
  • make a special chemotactic factor
  • make and store
    (i) Histamine: release is important for allergic reactions
    (ii) heparin: speeds up the removal of fat particles from blood after a fatty meal
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16
Q

What are mononuclear agranulocytes?

A

single nucleus, cell lacking granules AT FIRST

17
Q

What are monocytes? what does it look like?

A
  • DO NOT HAVE GRANULOCYTES
  • they are phagocytes
  • largest circulating immune cells
  • causes phagocytosis
  • antigen presentation
  • cytokine production
  • cytotoxicity
  • if they are called upon a tissue they change into macrophages
  • lifespan depends on if they are activated and if they kill bacteria then they will die
18
Q

What is cytokine

A

cell - movement
- a special protein made by one cell that can allow:
coating of pathogens, or signalling other WBC to kill a pathogen
(can activate immune cells, can direct immune cells, can make a change in metabolism)

19
Q

What are the two types of lymphocytes?

A
  • Have granules!!!

type 1: large granular lymphocytes (natural killer)
type 2: small granular lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)

20
Q

What does type 1 of large granular lymphocytes do?

A

aka (natural killer)
- extremely effective against virally infected cells/cancer cells
- (come in sus of all cells and will look for signs of stress protein and will kill any cell that has shown signs)
- release lytic granules to kill infected cells
- produces cytokines to limit viral replication

21
Q

What does type 2 of smaller granular lymphocytes do? (Adaptive immune response)

A

type 2: small granular lymphocytes (adaptive immune response)
- cytokine production
- antigen recognition
- antibody production
- memory
- cytotoxicity

22
Q

What are the subtypes of type 2 (smaller granular lymphocytes)?

A

(i) B Lymphocytes aka humoral immunity
- produces antibodies
- responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

(ii) T lymphocytes aka cell-mediated immunity
- DO NOT MAKE ANTIBODIES
- recognize cancer cells/viral infected cells and kill them
- command everything

Physiology (26 decks)

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