Module 2 Flashcards
Respiratory System
gross anatomy
the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye
pleura
membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs
visceral pleura
directly covers the lungs
parietal pleura
covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum
pleura space
space and cavity in between visceral and parietal pleura
main functions of respiratory system
air conduction
air filtration
exchange of gases (respiration)
additional functions of respiratory system
vocalization
sense of smell
body’s pH regulation
air conduction portion
nostril
pharynx
larynx
trachea
main bronchi
bronchioles: secondary and tertiary
air filtration portion
- nostrils
- trachea
- bronchi
(hair, cilia and goblet cells)
respiration portion
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
nasal cavities
fossae, composed of bone and cartilage, are made up of:
- nasal septum
- vestibule
- multiple nasal conchae or folds
vestibule
the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- vibrissae, short thick hairs, screen air for the respiratory tract
nasal conchae
folds in the nasal cavity used to increase the surface area so that the incoming air can be warmed and humidified
regions of the pharynx
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
nasopharynx
- the connection area between the nasal cavity and pharynx
- generally above the soft palate
- eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear
oropharynx
- the region posterior to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis
laryngopharynx
- the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet
- it is superior and posterior to the larynx
hard/soft palate
separate the nasal cavities from the mouth
aspiration
when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea
advantage of air/food passage through pharynx
- air can enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (nasal congestion)
- allows for relatively normal breathing during eating
- permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required
glottis
an opening into the larynx or voice box
vocal cords
flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them them through the glottis from the larynx
expectorate
spit up
pneumonia
infection of the lungs
swallowing
- the larynx rises, epiglottis covers the trachea
- soft palate covers nasal palate
esophagus
passage for food; lies posterior to the larynx and trachea
main bronchi
enter the right and left lung
- resemble the trachea in structure
bronchi
- ## as bronchi tube divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner and rings of cartilage are no longer present
bronchioles
form the interface between the conducting portion and respiratory portions of the respiratory system
terminal bronchioles
the smallest air conducting bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
the transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange
respiratory epithelium
lines the entire bronchial tree with ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar cells
bronchial tree
- trachea bifurcates into two main stem (primary) bronchi
- then branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi (3; right lung; 2 left lung)
- bronchi continue to subdivide (tertiary bronchi) until reaching 1 mm in diameter (bronchioles)
alveoli
- the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier
alveolar sacs
contains several alveoli
alveolar respiration
movement of air into and out of the alveoli
concentration gradient
- moving from a higher to lower concentration
- oxygen diffusing into the blood from each lung
- CO2 diffusing out of the blood into the lungs
histology
the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope
cilia
- small hair-like projections
- apical side
- move or “beat” in an upward sweeping motion
- to keep the respiratory tract free of debris
apical side
at the apex or top of the cells
pseudostratified
appear to be in layers
basement membrane
“floor” of the epithelial tissue
columnar
taller than they are wide
goblet cells
- mucus producing cells
- mucus helps to trap debris within the respiratory tract
stratified squamous epithelium
- stratified means layered
- squamous means flattened
- multiple flattened layers
- found just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose
simple squamous
- a single layer of flattened cells
- allows for the exchange of gases to occur in the respiratory bronchioles
surfactant
- a lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface
- keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation
types of cells in the alveoli
- type I alveolar cells
- type II alveolar cells
- alveolar macrophage
type I alveolar cells
- make up 95% of alveolar epithelium
- form the very thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries
type II alveolar cells
-make up 5% of alveolar epithelium
- produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant (needed to keep the alveoli open)
-replace damaged type I cells
alveolar macrophage
- most abundant cell within the alveoli
- primary immune defense system of the alveoli
- phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material (bacteria or another pathogen)
ventilation
inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out)
external respiration
gas exchange with the environment and the lungs
internal respiration
gas exchange at the tissues; O2 delivered to the blood and tissue fluid
aerobic cellular respiration
production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells by using oxygen
effective diffusion
gas-exchange region must be
(1) moist
(2) thin
(3) large in relation to the size of the body
negative pressure environment
created inside the lungs by the pleural space, which means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere
inhalation
- the rib cage lifts
- the diaphragm lowers
- the thoracic pressure decreases air will naturally move into the lungs
exhalation
- the rib cage is lowered
- the diaphragm rises
- the thoracic pressure increases
- air will naturally move out of the lungs where the pressure is lower
incomplete ventilation
The lungs do not completely empty during each breathing cycle
- air entering mixes with used air remaining in the lungs to conserve water and maintain a constant temperature.
hemoglobin
- four polypeptide chains
- each chain has iron group that binds to O2 called heme
- about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in each RBC
- each cell can carry more than one billion molecules of O2
carbaminohemoglobin
- hemoglobin combines w/ carbon dioxide in tissues
- remove carbon dioxide
- approx. 30% of CO2 is transported this way
bicarbonate ion
carbonic anhydrase (RBC enzyme) combines w/ CO2 and H2O
diaphragm
- a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
- the primary muscle in breathing
Boyle’s Law
- pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
- higher pressure = lower volume
- less pressure = greater volume
Charles’s Law
- the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
- higher temperature = greater gas volume
- lower temperature = lower gas volume
Dalton’s Law
The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pp) of the individual gases
Spirometer
Apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs
tidal volume (TV)
amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
- about 500ml of air
inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)
maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
- around 3000mL of air
expiratory reserve volume (ERV)
maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort)
- around 1200mL of air.
residual volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled
- around 1300mL of air
vital capacity (VC)
ERV+TV+IRV
total lung capacity (TLC)
VC +RV
inspiratory capacity (IC)
TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV
functional residual capacity (FRC)
RV+ERV
respiratory rate (RR)
breaths per minute
minute volume (MV)
the amount of air moved through the lungs in a minute
emphysema
- causes damage to the alveoli
- alveolar inner walls become weak and rupture
- loss of alveoli = loss of alveolar ventilation ability + loss of total gas exchange
- difficult breathing at rest
- disease often caused by smoking
cystic fibrosis
- a hereditary disease
- goblet cells produce mucus w/o enough saline = thick mucus clogging respiratory tract
- chronic respiratory infections lead to respiratory failure
- shortened life expectancy
pulmonary edema
- an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
- caused by infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases
- crackle sounds in auscultation
pleurisy
- inflammation of the pleura
- due to infection, cancer, or injury
- the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids
- sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing
