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BIOD 151 > Module 2 > Flashcards

Module 2 Flashcards

Respiratory System

1
Q

gross anatomy

A

the study of the organs and structures of the human body visible to the naked eye

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2
Q

pleura

A

membranes that cover the surface of the lung and the cavity surrounding the lungs

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3
Q

visceral pleura

A

directly covers the lungs

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4
Q

parietal pleura

A

covers the surfaces surrounding the lungs: the rib cage, diaphragm, and mediastinum

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5
Q

pleura space

A

space and cavity in between visceral and parietal pleura

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6
Q

main functions of respiratory system

A

air conduction
air filtration
exchange of gases (respiration)

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7
Q

additional functions of respiratory system

A

vocalization
sense of smell
body’s pH regulation

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8
Q

air conduction portion

A

nostril
pharynx
larynx
trachea
main bronchi
bronchioles: secondary and tertiary

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9
Q

air filtration portion

A
  • nostrils
  • trachea
  • bronchi
    (hair, cilia and goblet cells)
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10
Q

respiration portion

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveolar sacs
  • alveoli
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11
Q

nasal cavities

A

fossae, composed of bone and cartilage, are made up of:
- nasal septum
- vestibule
- multiple nasal conchae or folds

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12
Q

vestibule

A

the most external portion of the nasal cavity just inside the nostrils
- lined with stratified squamous epithelium
- vibrissae, short thick hairs, screen air for the respiratory tract

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13
Q

nasal conchae

A

folds in the nasal cavity used to increase the surface area so that the incoming air can be warmed and humidified

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14
Q

regions of the pharynx

A
  • nasopharynx
  • oropharynx
  • laryngopharynx
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15
Q

nasopharynx

A
  • the connection area between the nasal cavity and pharynx
  • generally above the soft palate
  • eustachian tubes connect the nasopharynx to each middle ear
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16
Q

oropharynx

A
  • the region posterior to the mouth and anterior to the epiglottis
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17
Q

laryngopharynx

A
  • the area where the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus meet
  • it is superior and posterior to the larynx
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18
Q

hard/soft palate

A

separate the nasal cavities from the mouth

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19
Q

aspiration

A

when food or liquid accidentally enters the trachea

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20
Q

advantage of air/food passage through pharynx

A
  • air can enter through the mouth in case the nasal cavity is obstructed (nasal congestion)
  • allows for relatively normal breathing during eating
  • permits greater intake of air during heavy exercise, when greater gas exchange is required
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21
Q

glottis

A

an opening into the larynx or voice box

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22
Q

vocal cords

A

flexible and pliable bands of connective tissue vibrate and produce sound when air is expelled past them them through the glottis from the larynx

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23
Q

expectorate

A

spit up

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24
Q

pneumonia

A

infection of the lungs

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25
Q

swallowing

A
  • the larynx rises, epiglottis covers the trachea
  • soft palate covers nasal palate
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26
Q

esophagus

A

passage for food; lies posterior to the larynx and trachea

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27
Q

main bronchi

A

enter the right and left lung
- resemble the trachea in structure

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28
Q

bronchi

A
  • ## as bronchi tube divide and subdivide, their walls become thinner and rings of cartilage are no longer present
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28
Q

bronchioles

A

form the interface between the conducting portion and respiratory portions of the respiratory system

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29
Q

terminal bronchioles

A

the smallest air conducting bronchioles

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30
Q

respiratory bronchioles

A

the transitional zone in the respiratory system concerned with both air conduction and gas exchange

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31
Q

respiratory epithelium

A

lines the entire bronchial tree with ciliated, pseudostratified, columnar cells

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32
Q

bronchial tree

A
  • trachea bifurcates into two main stem (primary) bronchi
  • then branch into lobar (secondary) bronchi (3; right lung; 2 left lung)
  • bronchi continue to subdivide (tertiary bronchi) until reaching 1 mm in diameter (bronchioles)
33
Q

alveoli

A
  • the site of gas exchange as well as the blood-air barrier
34
Q

alveolar sacs

A

contains several alveoli

35
Q

alveolar respiration

A

movement of air into and out of the alveoli

36
Q

concentration gradient

A
  • moving from a higher to lower concentration
  • oxygen diffusing into the blood from each lung
  • CO2 diffusing out of the blood into the lungs
37
Q

histology

A

the study of the cellular anatomy of a tissue or organ that can be viewed through a microscope

38
Q

cilia

A
  • small hair-like projections
  • apical side
  • move or “beat” in an upward sweeping motion
  • to keep the respiratory tract free of debris
39
Q

apical side

A

at the apex or top of the cells

40
Q

pseudostratified

A

appear to be in layers

41
Q

basement membrane

A

“floor” of the epithelial tissue

42
Q

columnar

A

taller than they are wide

43
Q

goblet cells

A
  • mucus producing cells
  • mucus helps to trap debris within the respiratory tract
44
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A
  • stratified means layered
  • squamous means flattened
  • multiple flattened layers
  • found just inside the nostril (vestibule) of the nose
45
Q

simple squamous

A
  • a single layer of flattened cells
  • allows for the exchange of gases to occur in the respiratory bronchioles
46
Q

surfactant

A
  • a lipoprotein that covers the luminal surface
  • keeps the alveoli from sticking together during exhalation
47
Q

types of cells in the alveoli

A
  • type I alveolar cells
  • type II alveolar cells
  • alveolar macrophage
48
Q

type I alveolar cells

A
  • make up 95% of alveolar epithelium
  • form the very thin, simple squamous epithelium of the alveoli in junction with capillaries
49
Q

type II alveolar cells

A

-make up 5% of alveolar epithelium
- produce and secrete pulmonary surfactant (needed to keep the alveoli open)
-replace damaged type I cells

50
Q

alveolar macrophage

A
  • most abundant cell within the alveoli
  • primary immune defense system of the alveoli
  • phagocytize toxic particles, allergens, or infectious material (bacteria or another pathogen)
51
Q

ventilation

A

inspiration (breathing air in) and expiration (breathing air out)

52
Q

external respiration

A

gas exchange with the environment and the lungs

53
Q

internal respiration

A

gas exchange at the tissues; O2 delivered to the blood and tissue fluid

54
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) in cells by using oxygen

55
Q

effective diffusion

A

gas-exchange region must be
(1) moist
(2) thin
(3) large in relation to the size of the body

56
Q

negative pressure environment

A

created inside the lungs by the pleural space, which means that the pressure inside this space is less than that of the atmosphere

57
Q

inhalation

A
  • the rib cage lifts
  • the diaphragm lowers
  • the thoracic pressure decreases air will naturally move into the lungs
58
Q

exhalation

A
  • the rib cage is lowered
  • the diaphragm rises
  • the thoracic pressure increases
  • air will naturally move out of the lungs where the pressure is lower
59
Q

incomplete ventilation

A

The lungs do not completely empty during each breathing cycle
- air entering mixes with used air remaining in the lungs to conserve water and maintain a constant temperature.

60
Q

hemoglobin

A
  • four polypeptide chains
  • each chain has iron group that binds to O2 called heme
  • about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in each RBC
  • each cell can carry more than one billion molecules of O2
61
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A
  • hemoglobin combines w/ carbon dioxide in tissues
  • remove carbon dioxide
  • approx. 30% of CO2 is transported this way
62
Q

bicarbonate ion

A

carbonic anhydrase (RBC enzyme) combines w/ CO2 and H2O

63
Q

diaphragm

A
  • a dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  • the primary muscle in breathing
64
Q

Boyle’s Law

A
  • pressure of a given quantity of gas is inversely proportional to its volume.
  • higher pressure = lower volume
  • less pressure = greater volume
65
Q

Charles’s Law

A
  • the volume of a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to its temperature.
  • higher temperature = greater gas volume
  • lower temperature = lower gas volume
66
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

The total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of the partial pressures (pp) of the individual gases

67
Q

Spirometer

A

Apparatus for measuring the volume of air inspired and expired by the lungs

68
Q

tidal volume (TV)

A

amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle of quiet breathing
- about 500ml of air

69
Q

inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

maximum amount of air able to be inhaled beyond normal inhalation
- around 3000mL of air

70
Q

expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

maximum amount of air able to be exhaled beyond normal exhalation (with determined effort)
- around 1200mL of air.

71
Q

residual volume (RV)

A

amount of air remaining in lung that cannot be exhaled
- around 1300mL of air

72
Q

vital capacity (VC)

A

ERV+TV+IRV

73
Q

total lung capacity (TLC)

A

VC +RV

74
Q

inspiratory capacity (IC)

A

TV+IRV (or) VC-ERV

75
Q

functional residual capacity (FRC)

A

RV+ERV

76
Q

respiratory rate (RR)

A

breaths per minute

77
Q

minute volume (MV)

A

the amount of air moved through the lungs in a minute

78
Q

emphysema

A
  • causes damage to the alveoli
  • alveolar inner walls become weak and rupture
  • loss of alveoli = loss of alveolar ventilation ability + loss of total gas exchange
  • difficult breathing at rest
  • disease often caused by smoking
79
Q

cystic fibrosis

A
  • a hereditary disease
  • goblet cells produce mucus w/o enough saline = thick mucus clogging respiratory tract
  • chronic respiratory infections lead to respiratory failure
  • shortened life expectancy
80
Q

pulmonary edema

A
  • an accumulation of fluid in the lungs
  • caused by infections, cancers, and congestive heart diseases
  • crackle sounds in auscultation
81
Q

pleurisy

A
  • inflammation of the pleura
  • due to infection, cancer, or injury
  • the pleural space fills up with air, pus, blood, or other fluids
  • sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing

BIOD 151 (11 decks)

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