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BIOD 151 > 7.1: Anatomy of the Integumentary System > Flashcards

7.1: Anatomy of the Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the integumentary system made of?

A
  • hair
  • nails
  • skin
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2
Q

What is the largest organ of the body?

A

The skin is the largest organ of the body.

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3
Q

What are the three layers of the skin?

A

The three layers of the skin are the epidermis (outer layer), dermis (middle layer), and hypodermis (inner layer, also called subcutaneous tissue).

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4
Q

What role does skin play in vitamin D production?

A

Skin cells absorb ultraviolet radiation to produce vitamin D, which is used to promote bone development.

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5
Q

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

A

The integumentary system protects internal organs from extreme temperature changes and pathogenic microorganisms.

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6
Q

What types of sense organs are found in the skin?

A

The skin contains mechanoreceptors (Merkel’s cells and Meissner’s corpuscles), nociceptors, Pacinian corpuscles, and thermoreceptors.

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7
Q

What do mechanoreceptors detect?

A
  • mechanical sensory information
  • light touch
  • vibration
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8
Q

What is the function of nociceptors?

A

Nociceptors detect pain, such as from a pin prick.

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9
Q

What do Pacinian corpuscles detect?

A
  • mechanical sensory information
  • pressure applied to the skin
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10
Q

What do thermoreceptors detect?

A

Thermoreceptors detect hot and cold.

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11
Q

What is the role of sensory organs in the skin?

A
  • detect sensory information
  • relay it to the brain for interpretation
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12
Q

What do endocrine glands secrete?

A
  • hormones
  • into the bloodstream
  • body-wide distribution
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13
Q

How do exocrine glands release their secretions?

A
  • through a duct
  • into an epithelial surface
  • onto the surface of the skin
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14
Q

What do sebaceous glands produce?

A
  • sebum
  • moisturizes the skin and hair
  • inhibits the growth of harmful microorganisms
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15
Q

What is the function of sweat glands?

A
  • produce sweat
  • helps the body regulate its temperature through perspiration
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16
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium
  • avascular
  • receiving nutrients from the basement membrane
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17
Q

What are the four distinct layers of the epidermis?

A

The four distinct layers of the epidermis, from superficial to deep, are stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale.

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18
Q

What are fingerprints formed from?

A

Fingerprints are formed from epidermal ridges, which are unique to each person and consistent throughout a person’s lifetime.

19
Q

How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?

A

It takes about 30 days for a single cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum.

20
Q

What types of cells are found in the epidermis?

A

Cells found in the epidermis include keratinocytes, Langerhans cells, fibroblast cells, melanocytes, and Merkel cells.

21
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

Keratinocytes produce a tough substance called keratin, which protects exposed surfaces of skin.

22
Q

What is the role of Langerhans cells?

A

Langerhans cells are involved in the body’s immune responses and help identify microorganisms before they reach the bloodstream.

23
Q

What do fibroblast cells produce?

A

Fibroblast cells produce collagen, which helps adhere the cells of the epidermis to each other and gives the skin elasticity.

24
Q

What pigment do melanocytes produce?

A

Melanocytes produce a pigment called melanin.

25
Q

What is the function of Merkel cells?

A

Merkel cells are a type of sensory receptor that respond to light touch.

26
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

The dermis contains sweat glands, oil glands, and sensory organs such as Meissner corpuscles and Pacinian corpuscles.

27
Q

What are the two regions of the dermis?

A

The two regions of the dermis are the superficial papillary region and the deeper reticular region.

28
Q

What is the main blood supply for the skin?

A

The deeper reticular region of the dermis contains the main blood supply for the skin.

29
Q

What happens to the skin of a dehydrated person?

A

A dehydrated person has decreased water content in the dermal layer of their skin.

30
Q

What is a contusion?

A

A contusion is damage to blood vessels that creates a black and blue bruise due to blood leaking into the dermis.

31
Q

What is the hypodermis primarily made of?

A

The hypodermis is primarily made of fat cells (adipocytes) that help insulate and regulate body temperature.

32
Q

What is a subcutaneous injection?

A

A subcutaneous injection is when medication or vaccination reaches deep into the dermis, superficial to the muscle, and is absorbed more slowly than if given directly into a vein.

33
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is a region of skin innervated by one sensory nerve.

34
Q

How are sensory signals processed?

A

Sensory signals are sent from the skin to the spinal nerve, through the spinal cord, and to the brain for processing.

35
Q

Which cranial nerve innervates the face?

A

The face is innervated by the trigeminal nerve (CN V).

36
Q

What is hair made of?

A

Hair is made up of dead epidermal cells that are converted to keratin.

37
Q

What are the two parts of hair?

A

The two parts of hair are the root (in the dermis layer) and the shaft (extending through the epidermis to the external surface).

38
Q

What is the function of sebaceous glands?

A

Sebaceous glands hydrate hair with oil.

39
Q

What connects each hair follicle to an arrector pili muscle?

A

Each hair follicle is connected to an arrector pili muscle that contracts when the body is cold or experiences emotional responses.

40
Q

What changes occur in hair properties after puberty?

A

Hair in the armpits, groin, and head changes its properties after puberty due to circulating hormones.

41
Q

What are nails composed of?

A

Nails are composed of dead epidermal cells converted to keratin.

42
Q

What is the visible portion of a nail called?

A

The visible portion of a nail is called the nail body.

43
Q

What is the cuticle?

A

The cuticle is the stratum corneum of the epidermis that extends from the nail root covering the visible portion of the nail.

44
Q

What is the lunula?

A

The lunula is the visible portion of the nail bed near the nail root, typically crescent-shaped and most visible on the thumbs.

BIOD 151 (23 decks)

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