Final Exam Flashcards
What is retraction?
Movement of a structure to be drawn in a posterior direction
What is protraction?
Movement of a structure to be drawn in an anterior direction
True/False: The ventral cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs.
False
True/False: The dorsal cavity primarily protects the nervous system organs.
True
True/False: Prokaryotic cells are typically smaller than eukaryotic cells.
True
True/False: DNA of a prokaryotic cell is enclosed in a nuclear membrane.
False
True/False: Prokaryotic cells contain plasma membranes and ribosomes.
True
True/False: Prokaryotic cells do not contain lysosomes and Golgi apparatus.
True
True/False: Ribosomes synthesize lipids.
False; ribosomes synthesize proteins. Smooth ER synthesize lipids.
True/False: Cell walls are found mainly in plants and bacteria.
True
True/False: Bacteria and plants contain multiple layers of cellulose fibers.
False
True/False: Cell walls act as protection for bacteria.
True
True/False: Bacterial cell walls contain peptidoglycan structure.
True
What is the diffusion of relatively larger lipid insoluble (polar) molecules through the cell membrane with the assistance of integral carrier proteins?
Facilitated Diffusion
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of a solvent that passes through a semipermeable membrane from higher concentration to lower concentration
What is hypotonic?
Solute particles outside of a cell are of lesser concentration than inside of the cell
What is hypertonic?
The solution contains more solute particles than the cell and has a lower water concentration
True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane requires active transport.
True
True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane; Ions, because of their polar nature, do not require carrier proteins to cross the membrane.
False
True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane; Sodium ions move actively inside of the cell after they have diffused outward.
False
True/False: The sodium-potassium pump in cell membrane maintains an electrical gradient across the membrane.
True
True/False: The left lung has 2 lobes.
True
Where do the pulmonary vessels and bronchi enter through each lung?
The hilum
True/False: The tongue’s attachments are the hyoid bone, the mandible, and the lingual frenulum.
True
True/False: The mouth is made of the following structure: the lips form the opening; the tongue forms the floor; the cheeks form the walls; the hard and soft palates form the roof; and the uvula forms the posterior border.
True
What type of bones are small and round, reinforcing tendons?
Sesamoid
True/False: A foramen is hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air.
False
What type of nerves carry signals from the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) to a specific muscle destination to provide movement?
Peripheral or Motor or Efferent Nerves
True/False: Tendons are connective tissue that connect bone to bone, helping to stabilize joints where bones meet.
False, ligaments fit this definition.
True/False: Secondary endocrine organs include the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland and pancreas.
False, they are primary endocrine glands.
List the three layers of skin from superficial to deep.
Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
What are the three terms in relation to the size of the body for effective gas exchange?
Moist
- Thin
- Large
True/False: During exhalation, the rib cage is lowered, the diaphragm rises, the thoracic pressure increases, and air will naturally move out of the lungs where the pressure is lower.
True
True/False: Peptides result from the first step in protein digestion.
True
Which metabolic process has the goal to create many electron carriers?
TCA cycle
True/False: A unique feature of compact bone is the arrangement of osteons.
True
The lateral collateral ligament connects which bones?
Femur and Fibula
What type of muscle tissue can be found in the digestive tract and can it be controlled voluntarily?
Smooth muscle is found within the internal organs and is not under conscious control. Under the microscope, smooth muscle is free of striations.
After acetylcholine is released into the NMJ and binds to the sarcolemma, what is the next step in muscle contraction?
Sodium channels open, allowing influx of sodium ions in the sarcoplasm.
What hormone is released from the anterior pituitary and causes the mammary glands in the breasts to develop?
Prolactin
Describe the purpose of fibroblasts in the tissue repair process.
Fibroblasts help to secrete new collagen in the shape of the old tissue.
- The collagen framework supports the tissue matrix in the shape of the old cells until new cells are fully developed.
In this respiratory disease, damage to the alveoli causes loss of ventilation and difficulty breathing.
Emphysema
This disease process causes synovial joints to become thick and inflamed.
Rheumatoid Arthritis
After being out in the sun, your patient’s skin turns red and dry but does not blister. What type of burn would best describe this injury? What layers of the skin are damaged?
First degree burn
- Epidermis only
This condition can occur when PTH is not produced in response to low blood calcium.
Tetany
