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BIOD 151 > 3.3 Anatomy of Stomach, Intestines and Accessory Organs > Flashcards

3.3 Anatomy of Stomach, Intestines and Accessory Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Stomach

A

a backward C-shaped organ located along the left side of the abdomen below the diaphragm

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2
Q

Cardiac sphincter

A
  • lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
  • gastroesophageal sphincter
  • Location where food enters the stomach from the esophagus
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3
Q

Pyloric sphincter

A
  • location where food exits the stomach to small intestine
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4
Q

Less curvature

A
  • concaved
  • extends inward on the shorter side of the stomach
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5
Q

Greater curvature

A
  • convex
  • extends outward on the longer side of the stomach
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6
Q

Peritoneum

A
  • serous membrane
  • covers the stomach
  • includes lesser and greater omentum
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7
Q

Lesser omentum

A
  • attaches the lesser curvature of the stomach to the liver
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8
Q

Greater omentum

A
  • hangs down like an apron
  • attaches the greater curvature of the stomach to the posterior wall of the abdomen
  • covering the transverse colon and anterior surface of the small intestines
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9
Q

Four parts of the stomach

A
  • cardia
  • fundus
  • body
  • pyloric region
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10
Q

Cardia

A
  • 1st part of the stomach
  • where the food enters from the esophagus
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11
Q

Fundus

A
  • 2nd part of the stomach
  • dome-shaped top of the stomach just under the diaphragm
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12
Q

Body

A
  • 3rd part of the stomach
  • the wider midportion located between the fundus and pyloric region
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13
Q

Pyloric region

A
  • 4th part of the stomach
  • funnel-shaped region
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14
Q

Functions of the stomach

A
  • temporary storage area for food
  • mechanical food breakdown
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15
Q

Rugae

A
  • folds within the stomach wall
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16
Q

Oblique Layer

A
  • unique third layer in the muscularis externa
  • mix food more efficiently with the gastric juices
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17
Q

Ulcer

A
  • an open sore in the wall caused by the gradual disintegration of tissues
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18
Q

Causes for stomach and duodenal ulcers

A
  • bacterial infection: Helicobacter Pylori
  • Overuse of drugs, esp. Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAID) and aspirin
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19
Q

Chyme

A
  • a thick, soupy consistency of stomach contents
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20
Q

Pyloric spincter

A
  • a narrow opening controlled by a valve at the base of the stomach
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21
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • longest part of the gastrointestinal tract (approx. 20 ft long) from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
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22
Q

Ileocecal valve

A
  • controls the entrance to the large intestine
23
Q

Duodenum

A
  • the shortest section of the small intestine
  • where enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the liver enter the small intestine
24
Q

Jejunum

A
  • 2nd section of the small intestine
25
Q

Ileum

A
  • 3rd section of the small intestine
  • slightly longer than Jejunum
26
Q

3 structures that increase absorption in the small intestines

A
  • circular folds
  • villi
  • microvilli
27
Q

Circular folds

A
  • greatly increase surface area of the wall’s mucous membrane
28
Q

Villi

A
  • Small finger like projection
  • contains blood vessels and a lymphatic vessel
29
Q

Microvilli

A

Many small projections

30
Q

Lacteal

A
  • lymphatic duct inside villus
  • absorbs glycerols and fatty acids
31
Q

Absorption (small instestine)

A
  • sugars and amino acids enter villi cell absorbed through the capillary beds present inside the villi
  • nutrients are carried into the hepatic portal circulation (of the liver) before entering general blood circulation.
  • glycerol and fatty acids are transported into lacteals; eventually connecting to general blood circulation at the thoracic duct.
  • absorption continues along the small intestine until almost all products of digestion have been complete.
32
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • extends from the ileocecal valve to the anus
  • reabsorbs water and electrolytes
  • propels solid waste from the body
33
Q

Parts of the Large Intestine

A
  1. cecum
  2. appendix
  3. ascending colon
  4. transverse colon
  5. descending colon
  6. sigmoid colon
  7. rectum
  8. anal canal
34
Q

Cecum

A
  • entrance to the large intestine through the ileocecal valve.
35
Q

Appendix

A
  • hangs from the cecum and is usually twisted
36
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • occurs when bacteria accumulates and causes inflammation of the appendix
37
Q

Ascending colon

A
  • runs along the RIGHT side of the abdomen superiorly right colic (hepatic) flexure connects the ascending colon to the transverse colon
38
Q

Transverse colon

A
  • runs ACROSS athe abdomen
  • left colic (splenic) flexure connects the transverse colon to the descending colon
39
Q

Descending colon

A
  • runs along the LEFT side of the abdomen superiorly to the sigmoid colon
40
Q

Sigmoid colon

A
  • travels through the pelvis connecting with the rectum
41
Q

Rectum

A

Connects to anal canal

42
Q

Anal canal

A
  • contains an involuntary smooth muscle internal sphincter
  • a voluntary skeletal muscle external sphincter
  • where feces is expelled through the anus
  • the end of the gastrointestinal tract
43
Q

Internal sphincter

A
  • involuntary smooth muscle
  • open and close the anus during defecation to discharge solid waste material called feces
44
Q

External sphincter

A
  • voluntary smooth muscle
  • open and close the anus during defecation to discharge solid waste material called feces
45
Q

Diarrhea

A
  • occurs when solid waste passes through the colon too quickly and excessive water is not reabsorbed
  • prolonged periods of diarrhea can lead to dehydration and electrolyte loss
46
Q

Feces

A
  • about 75% water and 25% solid matter
  • almost one-third of this solid matter is made up of intestinal bacteria
  • remainder is undigested plant material, fats, waste products (such as bile pigments), inorganic material, mucus, and dead cells from the intestinal lining
47
Q

3 accessory organs that secrete juices to the Duodenum

A
  • liver
  • gallbladder
  • pancreas
48
Q

Pancreas

A
  • lies deep in the abdominal wall
  • posterior to stomach and duodenum
  • sends pancreatic juice into the duodenum by way of the pancreatic duct
  • enzymes travel by way of the PANCREATIC DUCT to the HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA into the DUODENUM of the small intestine
49
Q

Sodium bicarbonate

A
  • main ingredient in pancreatic juice
  • neutralizes the chyme and makes the pH of the small intestine slightly basic
50
Q

Pancreatic amlyase

A

Digests starch to maltose

51
Q

Trypsin and other enzymes

A

Digests proteins into peptides

52
Q

Lipase

A

digests fat droplets to glycerol and fatty acids

53
Q

Liver

A
  1. Produces bile
  2. Stores glucose as glycogen
  3. Produces urea from amino groups that are removed from excess amino acids
54
Q

Bile

A
  • stored in the gallbladder
  • appears green due to pigments from hemoglobin breakdown
  • emulsifies fat molecules

BIOD 151 (17 decks)

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