4.4: Joints and Ligaments Flashcards
Outcome 2: Classify types of joints in the body and discuss implications with injury
What is a joint?
Bones are joined together
What are the different types of joints?
- fibrous
- cartilaginous
- synovial
Describe Fibrous joints
- immovable
- those between the cranial bones
Describe cartilaginous joints
- slightly movable
- those between the vertebrae
What are synovial joints?
- most joints are freely movable
- bones are separated by a joint cavity
Define ligaments
- composed of fibrous connective tissue
- bind the bones together
What is a joint capsule?
- formed by ligaments that hold the bones in place
- lined by synovial membrane
What is synovial fluid?
- a lubricant for the joint
- produced by the synovial membrane
List the different types of synovial (movable) joints
- hinge
- ball and socket
- saddle
- pivot
Describe hinge joints
- largely permit movement in one direction only
- knee and elbow joints
Describe Ball-and-socket joints
- allow movement in all planes and even a rotational movement
- hip (femur into the socket of the pelvis)
- shoulder joint
Describe saddle joint
- allows the thumb to freely cross over the palm
Describe pivot joint
- allows for rotational movement
- cervical spine (C1 and C2) allow rotation of the vertebrae
What bones are joined by the sternoclavicular ligament?
joins the sternum with the clavicle
coracoclavicular ligament
joins the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle
coracoacromial ligament
joins the coracoid process to the acromion of the scapula
capsular ligament (articular capsule)
surrounds the head of the humerus and anchors it to the scapula
coracohumeral ligament
connects the head of the humerus to the coracoid process of the scapula
Posteriorly, the pelvis is held to the sacrum by:
- iliolumbar ligament
- anterior sacroiliac ligament
- posterior sacroiliac ligament
ilioinguinal ligament
holds the ASIS of the ilium to the pubic bone
iliofemoral ligament
attaches the femur to the ilium
uterosacral ligament
connects the sacrum to each side of the uterus in females
menisci
- crescent-shaped pieces of cartilage
- give added stability for the femur to articulate with the tibia
bursae
- knee joint contains thirteen fluid-filled sacs
- ease friction between tendons, ligaments, and bones
bursitis
inflammation of the bursae in a joint
Anterior longitudinal ligament
- connecting the anterior vertebral bodies
Posterior longitudinal ligament
- connecting the posterior the vertebral bodies
Interspinous ligaments
- connects the spinous process of two adjacent vertebrae
Supraspinous ligament
- connects the posterior portion of the spinous processes
intervertebral discs
- between the vertebrae
- act as a kind of padding
- prevent the vertebrae from grinding against one another
- absorb shock caused by movements: running, jumping, walking
- allows motion between the vertebrae: bend forward, backward, and from side to side without the vertebrae touching
herniated disc
- disks tend to become weakened with age and may slip or even rupture
- center portion of the disc may bulge into the vertebral foramen
- pain results when the damaged disk presses against the spinal cord or spinal nerves
- the body may heal itself over time
- or the disk can be removed surgically
- Surgical procedures can fuse vertebrae together, but this limits the flexibility of the spine permanently
- Physical therapy is another option to help strengthen the muscles of the spine.
- Strengthening exercises help to support the spinal ligaments and restore spinal alignment.
