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BIOD 151 > 4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton- Overview & Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

4.1: Anatomy of the Skeleton- Overview & Axial Skeleton Flashcards

Identify anatomical structures of the skeletal system, including bones and ligaments and describe their function

1
Q

Skeletal Functions

A

(SPAMS)
1. Storage of minerals (esp. Calcium)
2. Protection of internal organs
3. Attachment ( muscles, tendons, ligaments)
4. Movement (appendicular skeleton)
5. Support against gravity (heavy bones of the legs)

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2
Q

Bone Types

A
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3
Q

Flat Bones

A

-Protect Internal Organs

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4
Q

Long Bones

A
  • Support Weight
  • Facilitate Movement
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5
Q

Short Bones

A
  • are cubed shaped
  • enable movement
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6
Q

Irregular Bones

A
  • have complex shapes
  • some designed for movement
  • some designed for protection
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7
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A
  • Reinforce tendons
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8
Q

Bone Landmarks

A

distinct markings, ridges, grooves, or holes found on each bone

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9
Q

Foramen, canal, fissure

A
  • openings in bone to allow for nerves, blood supply, or a passageway
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10
Q

Sinus

A
  • hollow chamber in bone, usually filled with air
  • helps reduce weight
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11
Q

Process, ramus

A
  • elevations in bone
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12
Q

Trochanter, tuberosity, tubercle, crest, line, spine

A
  • processes or projections for tendon or ligament attachment
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13
Q

Head, neck, condyle, trochlea, facet

A
  • processes designed for articulation with adjacent bones
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14
Q

Fossa, sulcus

A
  • depressions in bone
  • a “dip” in bone
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15
Q

skull

A

formed by 22 bones
- the cranium (8 bones)
- facial bones (14 bones)

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16
Q

cranium

A
  • protects the brains
  • composed of eight bones fitted tightly together in adults
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17
Q

fontanelles

A
  • “soft spots.”
  • allow the bones of the skull to compress during childbirth
  • expand to accommodate a rapidly growing infant brain
  • begin to close around two months but may last up to two years
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18
Q

frontal bone

A

(one bone)
- forms the forehead

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19
Q

parietal bones

A

(two, paired bones)
- extend to the sides

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20
Q

occipital bone

A
  • curves to form the base of the skull
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21
Q

temporal bone

A
  • below the much larger parietal bones
  • each one has an opening that leads to the middle ear
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22
Q

sphenoid bone

A
  • completes the sides of the skull
  • contributes to the floors and walls of the eye sockets
  • lie inside the skull
23
Q

ethmoid bone

A
  • lies in front of the sphenoid
  • part of the orbital wall
  • a component of the nasal septum
  • lie inside the skull
24
Q

foramen magnum

A
  • large opening in the occipital bone
  • through which the spinal cord passes to become the brain stem
25
Q

sinuses

A
  • the bones of the cranium contain air spaces lined by mucous membrane
  • reduce the weight of the skull
  • give a resonant sound to the voice
  • mastoid sinuses (2) drain into the middle ear
26
Q

mastoiditis

A
  • an inflammation of the mastoid sinuses
  • a condition that can lead to deafness
  • usually found in children younger than 2 yrs
27
Q

sinusitis

A
  • “sinus infection”
  • soft tissues inside the sinuses become inflamed
  • caused by a virus, bacteria, fungi or allergy
28
Q

foramina

A
  • allows for passage for blood vessels, nerves, and the spinal cord
29
Q

carotid canal

A
  • an opening of the temporal bone for the internal carotid artery
30
Q

external acoustic meatus

A
  • opening to the middle ear
  • located within the temporal bone
  • transmission of sound
31
Q

number of facial bones

A

fourteen

32
Q

mandible

A
  • lower jaw
  • the only movable portion of the skull
33
Q

maxillae

A
  • the upper jaw
  • forms the anterior portion of the hard palate
  • contains the infraorbital foramen
34
Q

zygomatic bones

A
  • cheekbone prominences
35
Q

nasal bones

A
  • form the bridge of the nose
36
Q

palatine bones

A
  • make up the posterior portion of the hard palate
  • floor of the nasal cavity
37
Q

lacrimal bone

A
  • thin, scale-like
  • lies between an ethmoid bone and a maxillary bone
38
Q

vomer

A
  • thin, flat bone
  • joins with the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid to form the nasal septum
39
Q

inferior nasal conchae

A
  • bones located inferiorly to the middle conchae
40
Q

middle and superior nasal conchae

A
  • formed from the grooves of the ethmoid bone
  • swirl the air as it is breathed in through the nasal passages
  • helping to warm and humidify the air before it enters the lower respiratory system
41
Q

vertebral column

A
  • extends from the skull to the pelvis
  • four curvatures that provide more resilience and strength in an upright posture than a straight column could
  • seven cervical vertebrae (C1-C7)
  • twelve thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12)
  • five lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5)
  • one sacrum
  • one coccyx
42
Q

spinous processes

A
  • located on the dorsal side of the vertebrae
  • can be palpated as bony projections along the midline of the neck and back
43
Q

palpated

A

(examined externally by touch)

44
Q

vertebral body

A
  • located on the anterior portion - part of the vertebrae with the most surface area
45
Q

articular facets

A
  • allow adjacent vertebrae to articulate with each other
46
Q

cervical vertebra

A
  • a long spinous process with a bifid tip that splits into two parts posteriorly (except for C1)
  • bodies are small
  • vertebral foramen are large
47
Q

transverse processes

A
  • have transverse foramina
  • passage of the vertebral arteries and vertebral veins
48
Q

thoracic vertebra

A
  • a long, thin spinous process that does not split
  • spinous process points inferiorly
  • the vertebral bodies: medium-sized and contain facets for rib articulations
  • transverse processes have costal facets for rib articulations
49
Q

lumbar vertebra

A
  • shorter spinous process: broader and points posteriorly
  • vertebral bodies: largest, enabling it to support the weight of the head, neck, trunk, and upper limbs
  • transverse processes: shorter and have no costal facets
  • vertebral foramen: smallest and triangular-shaped
50
Q

sacrum

A
  • comprised of five fused bones at the base of the spine: widest portion & articulates with the L5 vertebra above it
  • provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons
51
Q

coccyx

A
  • comprised of four to five fused vertebrae
  • begin to fuse by around age 25
  • provide attachment sites for many ligaments and tendons
52
Q

ribs

A
  • twelve pairs
  • all connect directly to the thoracic vertebrae posteriorly
  • Ribs 1-7 connect directly to the sternum
  • Ribs 8-10 connect to the sternum indirectly via shafts of cartilage to the sternum
53
Q

“floating ribs”

A
  • lower two pairs of ribs (ribs 11 and 12)
  • they do not attach to the sternum
54
Q
A

BIOD 151 (11 decks)

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