Module 19: Cancer Medicine Flashcards
ana-
off or away
cancin/o
cancer
-plasia
formation
a ____oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic (inmate) nerve tissue
neuroblast
an Aden____ is a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells
carcinoma
neo____ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors
plasm
____genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise
histo
osteo_____ is a malignant tumor of bone
sarcoma
once environmental caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or ____, can lead to malignant growth.
mutations
radiation is an _____ when it produces leukaemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions
carcinogen
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
characteristically, a ___ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not ______
benign, metastasize
retino____, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for ______
blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid
benign tumors are often __________, meaning stye are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover
encapsulated
scraping and microscopic examination of cells from the region of suspected disease is called
exfoliative cytology
this is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors
laparoscopy
this detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer
beta-hCG protein marker test
x-ray examination of the breast is
mammography
core needle biopsy uses an _____ needle
large-bone
reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ____ and is characteristic of malignant tumors
dedifferentiation
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and _____ are protein marker for prostate cancer
alpha-fetaprotein
a piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell is an
oncogene
this diagnostic procedure involves the intravenous injection of radioactive substance to reveal abnormalities
radionuclide scan
this diagnostic test localizes antigens, or proteins, in tissues using marked antibodies to assess presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells
immunohistochemistry
the medical term for programmed cell death
apoptosis
which test uses a blood sample to detect cancer?
liquid biopsy
which test uses a blood sample to detect cancer?
liquid biopsy
fibr/o
fibers
radi/o
radioactive
the extent of speed of a tumor within the body is called its
stage
treatment with drugs to damage the DNA of cancer cells is called ______ therapy
chemo
adding drugs early in the course of treatment to hasten or assist primary treatment in attacking cancer cells would be considered
adjuvant chemotherapy
this procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed
debunking
Paul is receiving chemotherapy for his leukaemia. most likely, he will continue to receive chemotherapy until signs of the disease are absent’ that is, until he achieves a
remission
a mile, or nevus, that displays a highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous appearance is described as
dysplastic
dr. gorman removed a malignant tumor and that was filled with thick, sticky fluid. the term for this fluid is
mucinous
gross examination of a benign polyp in a colon revealed it extended from a stem; the term for this description is
pedunculated
in a case of stage 1 Hodgkin disease. treatment with extensive external radiation eradicated the disease’ therefore, this type of tumor is called
radio curable
the description of malignant tumor as fumigating means
a mushrooming pattern of growth
thyroid and breast tumors maybe _____, meaning hey are large, soft, and fleshy
medullary
redness, swelling, and heat are characteristic of _____ tumors
inflammatory
the ovaries are the most common site of this kind of tumor
cystic
when malignant tissue is destroyed by burning it is called
cauterization
this is destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks
fulguration
when a tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes, it is called
en bloc resection
wide resection involving the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space is called
exenteration
lacking structures typical of mature cells is
undifferentiated
this refers to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures
carcinoma in situ
this term means resembling squamous epithelial cells
epidermoid
use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for treatment of tumors is called
combination chemotherapy
alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, hormones, and antibiotics all are types of
chemotherapeutic agents
radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source using a linear accelerator is
external beam irradiation
one of the most common staging systems is referred to as TNM, which stands for
tumor, nodes, metastases
what antibodies are grown in a lab to kill tumors by blocking growth receptors?
monoclonal antibodies
cyst/o
sac or fluid
follicul/o
small glandular sacs
evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation is called ______ of tumors
grading
a ______ oma is a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue
carcin
_____ plasma means reversion to a more primitive cell type
ana
characteristically, a tumor that multiplies rapidly, is undifferentiated and invasive, and can metastasize is a _____ tumor
malignant
gastric ______, a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach
adenocarcinoma
in chemotherapy, drugs are administered according to a written _______ the details the route, schedule, and frequency of doses
protocol
_____, or the freezing and destruction of malignant tissue, was used to treat prostate cancer
cryosurgery
for a breast cancer diagnoses. the tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. this type of surgical procedure is called ______ resection
en bloc
the removal of author and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible small tumor cure is called an _______. biopsy
excisional
the aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow tissue for microscopic evidence of cancerous cells is a _______ biopsy
bone marrow
a ____ scan consists of pictures taken of organs after injection of radioactive substances
radionuclide
a ______ biopsy is the aspiration of. a core of tissue for microscopic examination
needle
______, which is abbreviated ______, is a serum protein produced by prostate cancer cells
prostate-specific antigen, PSA
malignant transformation of genetic material results from damage to
DNA
pieces of DNA that can cause normal cells to become malignant if activated by mutations are called
oncogenes
cancerous tumors are dived into broad groups on the basis of the particular type of tissue from which the tumor cells arise. this is called
histogenesis
staging of tumors is a system of evaluating the
extent of speed of tumors
a Pap test is an example of a clinical procedure called
exfoliative cytology
dysplastic cells means
abnormal but not clearly cancerous
this means densely packed; overgrown with fibrous tissue
scirrhous
forming small finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells is called
papillary
the term that means spending evenly though the affected tissue is
diffuse
the term that means composed of a variety of cell types is
pleomorphic
small, repeated doses of radiation are termed
fractionation
