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Medical Terminology & Anatomy & Physiology > Module 19: Cancer Medicine > Flashcards

Module 19: Cancer Medicine Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ana-

A

off or away

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2
Q

cancin/o

A

cancer

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3
Q

-plasia

A

formation

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4
Q

a ____oma is a cancerous tumor derived from embryonic (inmate) nerve tissue

A

neuroblast

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5
Q

an Aden____ is a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells

A

carcinoma

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6
Q

neo____ means new growth and refers to either benign or malignant tumors

A

plasm

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7
Q

____genesis is the identification of the type of tissue from which tumor cells arise

A

histo

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8
Q

osteo_____ is a malignant tumor of bone

A

sarcoma

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9
Q

once environmental caused changes in DNA are established in a cell, they are passed on to daughter cells. These inheritable changes, or ____, can lead to malignant growth.

A

mutations

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10
Q

radiation is an _____ when it produces leukaemia in radiologists and survivors of atomic bomb explosions

A

carcinogen

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11
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh, connective tissue

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12
Q

characteristically, a ___ tumor grows slowly, is well-differentiated and noninvasive and does not spread to a distant location; that is, it does not ______

A

benign, metastasize

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13
Q

retino____, a tumor of the retina of the eye, is an example of a known inherited cancer caused by transmission of defective DNA, which is the abbreviation for ______

A

blastoma, deoxyribonucleic acid

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14
Q

benign tumors are often __________, meaning stye are contained within a fibrous capsule or cover

A

encapsulated

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15
Q

scraping and microscopic examination of cells from the region of suspected disease is called

A

exfoliative cytology

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16
Q

this is used to inspect the peritoneal cavity for tumors

A

laparoscopy

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17
Q

this detects human chorionic gonadotropin in serum of patients with testicular cancer

A

beta-hCG protein marker test

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18
Q

x-ray examination of the breast is

A

mammography

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19
Q

core needle biopsy uses an _____ needle

A

large-bone

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20
Q

reversion to a more primitive, embryonic cell type is called ____ and is characteristic of malignant tumors

A

dedifferentiation

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21
Q

prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and _____ are protein marker for prostate cancer

A

alpha-fetaprotein

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22
Q

a piece of DNA whose activation is associated with the conversion of a normal cell into a cancerous cell is an

A

oncogene

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23
Q

this diagnostic procedure involves the intravenous injection of radioactive substance to reveal abnormalities

A

radionuclide scan

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24
Q

this diagnostic test localizes antigens, or proteins, in tissues using marked antibodies to assess presence and amount of specific molecules in both normal and tumor cells

A

immunohistochemistry

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25
Q

the medical term for programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

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26
Q

which test uses a blood sample to detect cancer?

A

liquid biopsy

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27
Q

which test uses a blood sample to detect cancer?

A

liquid biopsy

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28
Q

fibr/o

A

fibers

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29
Q

radi/o

A

radioactive

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30
Q

the extent of speed of a tumor within the body is called its

A

stage

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31
Q

treatment with drugs to damage the DNA of cancer cells is called ______ therapy

A

chemo

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32
Q

adding drugs early in the course of treatment to hasten or assist primary treatment in attacking cancer cells would be considered

A

adjuvant chemotherapy

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33
Q

this procedure may be used if a tumor is attached to a vital organ and cannot be completely removed

A

debunking

34
Q

Paul is receiving chemotherapy for his leukaemia. most likely, he will continue to receive chemotherapy until signs of the disease are absent’ that is, until he achieves a

A

remission

35
Q

a mile, or nevus, that displays a highly abnormal but not clearly cancerous appearance is described as

A

dysplastic

36
Q

dr. gorman removed a malignant tumor and that was filled with thick, sticky fluid. the term for this fluid is

A

mucinous

37
Q

gross examination of a benign polyp in a colon revealed it extended from a stem; the term for this description is

A

pedunculated

38
Q

in a case of stage 1 Hodgkin disease. treatment with extensive external radiation eradicated the disease’ therefore, this type of tumor is called

A

radio curable

39
Q

the description of malignant tumor as fumigating means

A

a mushrooming pattern of growth

40
Q

thyroid and breast tumors maybe _____, meaning hey are large, soft, and fleshy

A

medullary

41
Q

redness, swelling, and heat are characteristic of _____ tumors

A

inflammatory

42
Q

the ovaries are the most common site of this kind of tumor

A

cystic

43
Q

when malignant tissue is destroyed by burning it is called

A

cauterization

44
Q

this is destruction of tissue by high-frequency electric sparks

A

fulguration

45
Q

when a tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes, it is called

A

en bloc resection

46
Q

wide resection involving the tumor, its organ of origin, and all surrounding tissue in the body space is called

A

exenteration

47
Q

lacking structures typical of mature cells is

A

undifferentiated

48
Q

this refers to localized tumor cells that have not invaded adjacent structures

A

carcinoma in situ

49
Q

this term means resembling squamous epithelial cells

A

epidermoid

50
Q

use of several chemotherapeutic agents together for treatment of tumors is called

A

combination chemotherapy

51
Q

alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antibiotics, hormones, and antibiotics all are types of

A

chemotherapeutic agents

52
Q

radiation applied to a tumor from a distant source using a linear accelerator is

A

external beam irradiation

53
Q

one of the most common staging systems is referred to as TNM, which stands for

A

tumor, nodes, metastases

54
Q

what antibodies are grown in a lab to kill tumors by blocking growth receptors?

A

monoclonal antibodies

55
Q

cyst/o

A

sac or fluid

56
Q

follicul/o

A

small glandular sacs

57
Q

evaluating the degree of maturity of tumor cells or indication of malignant transformation is called ______ of tumors

A

grading

58
Q

a ______ oma is a solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue

A

carcin

59
Q

_____ plasma means reversion to a more primitive cell type

A

ana

60
Q

characteristically, a tumor that multiplies rapidly, is undifferentiated and invasive, and can metastasize is a _____ tumor

A

malignant

61
Q

gastric ______, a cancerous tumor arising from glandular cells lining the stomach

A

adenocarcinoma

62
Q

in chemotherapy, drugs are administered according to a written _______ the details the route, schedule, and frequency of doses

A

protocol

63
Q

_____, or the freezing and destruction of malignant tissue, was used to treat prostate cancer

A

cryosurgery

64
Q

for a breast cancer diagnoses. the tumor is removed along with a large area of surrounding tissue and lymph nodes. this type of surgical procedure is called ______ resection

A

en bloc

65
Q

the removal of author and a margin of normal tissue for diagnosis and possible small tumor cure is called an _______. biopsy

A

excisional

66
Q

the aspiration of a small amount of bone marrow tissue for microscopic evidence of cancerous cells is a _______ biopsy

A

bone marrow

67
Q

a ____ scan consists of pictures taken of organs after injection of radioactive substances

A

radionuclide

68
Q

a ______ biopsy is the aspiration of. a core of tissue for microscopic examination

A

needle

69
Q

______, which is abbreviated ______, is a serum protein produced by prostate cancer cells

A

prostate-specific antigen, PSA

70
Q

malignant transformation of genetic material results from damage to

A

DNA

71
Q

pieces of DNA that can cause normal cells to become malignant if activated by mutations are called

A

oncogenes

72
Q

cancerous tumors are dived into broad groups on the basis of the particular type of tissue from which the tumor cells arise. this is called

A

histogenesis

73
Q

staging of tumors is a system of evaluating the

A

extent of speed of tumors

74
Q

a Pap test is an example of a clinical procedure called

A

exfoliative cytology

75
Q

dysplastic cells means

A

abnormal but not clearly cancerous

76
Q

this means densely packed; overgrown with fibrous tissue

A

scirrhous

77
Q

forming small finger-like or nipple-like projections of cells is called

A

papillary

78
Q

the term that means spending evenly though the affected tissue is

A

diffuse

79
Q

the term that means composed of a variety of cell types is

A

pleomorphic

80
Q

small, repeated doses of radiation are termed

A

fractionation

Medical Terminology & Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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