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Medical Terminology & Anatomy & Physiology > Module 10: Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 10: Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

involuntary nerves that stimulate the body in times of stress and crisis are ___ nerves

A

sympathetic

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2
Q

the ____ nervous system consists of the cranial and spinal nerves

A

peripheral

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3
Q

what nervous system cell does not transmit impulses throughout the body?

A

glial

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4
Q

the chemical messenger released at the end of a nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits another cell is called

A

a neurotransmitter

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5
Q

the main sensory relay centre of the brain is the

A

thalamus

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6
Q

fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called

A

ventricles

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7
Q

a nerve cell is a

A

neuron

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8
Q

_____ nerves carry impulses to the brain and spinal cord

A

afferent

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9
Q

the microscopic space through which an impulse is transmitted is

A

synapse

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10
Q

_____ nerves carry impulses away from the brain and spinal cord

A

efferent

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11
Q

the threadlike extension that carries impulses along a nerve cell

A

axon

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12
Q

the “bridge” between the medulla and the midbrain is the

A

pons

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13
Q

the posterior portion of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscle movements and maintains balance

A

cerebellum

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14
Q

the lower portion of the brain that connects the cerebrum and spinal cord is the

A

brain stem

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15
Q

the ______ is the outer region of the cerebrum

A

cerebral cortex

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16
Q

the ______ activates and integrates the autonomic nervous system and controls pituitary secretions

A

hypothalamus

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17
Q

white fatty tissue that surrounds and insulates the axon of a nerve cell is called

A

myelin sheath

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18
Q

the Pia mater is the

A

thin, delicate inner membrane of the meninges

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19
Q

the PNS includes ____ pairs of the cranial nerves and _____ pairs of spinal nerves

A

12, 31

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20
Q

unlike other cranial nerves, the ____ nerve carries messages to and from the neck, chest, and abdomen

A

vagus

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21
Q

the purpose of the blood-brain barrier is to

A

regulate the passage of potentially harmful substances from the blood into the nerve cells of the brain

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22
Q

the brain and the spinal cord make up the

A

CNS

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23
Q

“star cells” called _____ are a type of glial cell that transports water and salts from capillaries

A

astrocytes

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24
Q

_____ are the grooves or fissures that separate the sheets of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex

A

sulci

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25
Q

the watery fluid that flows throughout the brain and spinal cord is

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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26
Q

radicul/o

A

spinal nerves

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27
Q

algesic

A

insensitive to pain

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28
Q

spina bifida

A

a congenital defect in the spinal column due to the imperfect union of the cerebral parts

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29
Q

Parkinson disease

A

degeneration of nerves in the brain leading to tremors, muscle rigidity and a shuffling gait

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30
Q

Alzheimer disease

A

a progressive neurologic disorder marked by gradual decline in mental capacity that can begin in the middle age but is more frequently seen in the older person

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31
Q

bell palsy

A

disorder of the facial nerve that results in unilateral facial paralysis

32
Q

petit mal seizures

A

absence seizure

33
Q

cerebral concussion

A

a violent shaking up or jarring of the brain, with no apparent damage to the brain tissue

34
Q

cerebral contusion

A

bruising of the brain tissue with neurologic deficits lasting longer than 24 hours

35
Q

another term for Lou Gehrig disease is

A

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

36
Q

the progressive muscular atrophy of Lou Gehrig disease that eventually progresses to involve most of the body, including the respiratory muscle is the result of

A

degeneration of the motor neurone in the spinal cord and brain stem

37
Q

what condition is associated with an excess of or hypersensitivity to dopamine?

A

Tourette syndrome

38
Q

what condition develops in response to reactivation of the virus that causes chickenpox?

A

herpes zoster

39
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

antibodies block the ability of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine to transmit the nervous impulse from nerve to muscle cells

40
Q

a medical term for abnormal, involuntary, spasmodic movements is

A

dyskinesia

41
Q

tonic-clonic seizures are also known as

A

ictal events

42
Q

a peculiar sensory sensation often preceding the onset of a seizure is called

A

aura

43
Q

a peculiar sensory sensation often preceding the onset of a seizure is called

A

aura

44
Q

a lumbar puncture is known as a

A

spinal tap

45
Q

cerebral angiography

A

radiographic imaging of the blood vessels in the brain after injection of contrast medium

46
Q

a PET scan is

A

a computerized imaging technique that shows chemical activity of the brain and gives information about brain function

47
Q

computed tomography

A

imaging modality that generates multiple computerized images of the brain and spinal cord using a contrast material is

48
Q

doppler ultrasound

A

study that uses sound waves to detect blood flow in the carotid intracranial arteries

49
Q

stereotactic radio surgery

A

a focused beam of radiation called a gamma knife can target a tumor to destroy it

50
Q

treatment of hydrocephalus involves the use of a ____ to drain the excess cerebrospinal fluid

A

shunt

51
Q

MRI

A

diagnostic procedures uses a magnetic field and pulses of radiowave energy to image the brain and spinal cord

52
Q

what is a treatment for Parkinson disease?

A

placement of electrodes in the brain

53
Q

vag/o

A

vagus nerve

54
Q

the medical term for headache

A

cephalgia

55
Q

analgesic medication is used to

A

relieve postoperative pain

56
Q

dura mater

A

the outer layer of the meninges

57
Q

cerebrum

A

the largest and uppermost section of the brain

58
Q

the sensory warning some people experience before a seizure is called

A

an aura

59
Q

dyskinesia

A

medical term for a condition of involuntary, spasmodic movements

60
Q

transient ischemic attacks

A

brief episodes of neurologic deficit caused by temporary interference with blood supply to the brain

61
Q

blockage of a cerebral artery by a blood clot with necrosis and edema of the area involved. this type of cerebral infarction is called a

A

thrombotic stroke

62
Q

a glioma is an intracranial tumor that arises from the

A

supportive or connective tissue of the brain

63
Q

stereotactic radio surgery

A

procedure that uses an intracranial guiding device to deliver high- dose radiation to precisely targeted timor tissue

64
Q

tonic-clonic seizures are marked by

A

sudden loss of consciousness and generalized involuntary muscle contraction that alternate with rigidity

65
Q

through which part of the neutron does an impulse leave the cell?

A

terminal end fiber

66
Q

the first part of the nerve cell to receive the impulse is the

A

dendrite

67
Q

a fold in the cerebral cortex is called a

A

gyrus

68
Q

a network of intersecting nerves in the PNS is called

A

plexus

69
Q

a depression or groove in the surface of the cerebral cortex is a

A

sulcus

70
Q

destruction of the myelin sheath surrounding nuron in the brain and spinal cord describes which condition?

A

multiple sclerosis

71
Q

what is a hereditary disorder caused by degenerative changes in the cerebrum?

A

Huntington disease

72
Q

what is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the motor neurones fail to give impulses to the muscles to cause muscle contraction

A

myasthenia gravis

73
Q

-phasia

A

speech

74
Q

a cerebral hemorrhage may be caused by a localized weakness in a blood vessel wall the plates and bursts. this weak section of blood vessel is called a _____

A

aneurysm

75
Q

a general term for progressive neurologic conditions characterized by a gradual decline in mental ability is

A

dementia

Medical Terminology & Anatomy & Physiology (22 decks)

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